A review of chitosan-, alginate-, and gelatin-based biocomposites for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Bone diseases and injuries have a major impact on the quality of life. Classical treatments for bone repair/regeneration/replacement have various disadvantages. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) received a great attention in the last years. Natural polymers are intensively studied in this field due to their properties (biocompatibility, biodegradability, abundance in nature, high processability). Unfortunately, their mechanical properties are poor, which is why synthetic polymers or ceramics are added in order to provide the optimal compressive, elastic or fatigue strength. Moreover, growth factors, vitamins, or antimicrobial substances are also added to enhance the cell behavior (attachment, proliferation, and differentiation). In this review, new scientific results regarding potential applications of chitosan-, alginate-, and gelatin based biocomposites in BTE will be provided, along with their in vitro and/or in vivo tests.

Bone regeneration by hydroxyapatite-gelatin nanocomposites

“…Gelatin (Gel; derivative of collagen) is a natural denatured polymer, composed of amino acids (hydroxyproline, proline, or sequences such as RGD -arginine-glycine-aspartic acid). Gel is known as a suitable biomaterial to mimic the extracellular matrix because its function groups and the possibility to form 3D scaffolds with porous structure, i. e., it can be used in tissue engineering based on its biocompatibility and biodegradability [15,41]. Gelatin-based scaffolds, such as polycaprolactone-58S bioactive glass-sodium/alginate-gelatin [42] and alginate-gelatin microspheres [15] have been prepared.…”

“…Gel is known as a suitable biomaterial to mimic the extracellular matrix because its function groups and the possibility to form 3D scaffolds with porous structure, i. e., it can be used in tissue engineering based on its biocompatibility and biodegradability [15,41]. Gelatin-based scaffolds, such as polycaprolactone-58S bioactive glass-sodium/alginate-gelatin [42] and alginate-gelatin microspheres [15] have been prepared. HA np (Ca/P molar ration 1.65 ± 0.1 and surface Ca/P atomic ratio 1.30 ± 0.05) has high a nity of interaction of positively charged Ca 2+ with alendronate phosphate (PO 3 2-)-richer surface groups [43].…”

“…It is known as a suitable biomaterial to mimic the extracellular matrix because of its function groups and the possibility to form 3D scaffolds with porous structure, i. e., it can be used in tissue engineering based on its biocompatibility and biodegradability [13,14]. Gelatin-based scaffolds, such as polycaprolactone-58S bioactive glass-sodium/alginate-gelatin [15] and alginate-gelatin microspheres [13] have been prepared. Moreover, HA-Gel composite have been reported as a bone substitute material with high biocompatibility and non-toxicity [16].…”

Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Retinol and Alginate/Gelatin-Based Scaffolds on Differentiation Capacity of Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) into Retinal Cells

“…Among these scaffolds, alginate/gelatin-based hydrogels are one of the most suitable scaffolds that provide a 3D environment resembled that of many tissues ( 21 ). Alginate is a natural polysaccharide obtained from brown algae, and gelatin is a natural polymer derived from collagen, which are widely utilized in tissue engineering applications due to their proper features including biodegradability, biocompati-bility, aqueous solution solubility, hydrophilic properties ( 22 , 23 ).…”

Highly Efficient Synthesis of Type B Gelatin and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Nanoparticles: Potential Applications as Bioactive Molecule Carriers and Cell-Penetrating Agents

“…Gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) have received particular attention due to their collagen precedence, which confers an amino acidic-based structure comparable to proteins and peptides [ 16 , 17 ]. Additionally, the remarkable properties of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) have been attributed to their polysaccharide structure that confers antimicrobial [ 18 , 19 , 20 ], mucoadhesive [ 21 ], and analgesic properties [ 22 ].…”