A review of cervical cytology in genitourinary medicine clinics in England between 1997 and 2008

Markos, A R

doi:10.1258/ijsa.2009.009122

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Opportunistic screening of higher risk women occurs in the context of some organised programmes and there is evidence in the literature to support this practice. Examples include offering Pap tests at STI clinics, at genitourinary departments in hospitals, at EDs, and in prisons, all of which are described as more likely to reach un-or under-screened women [83][84][85][86][87]. The US has organised programmes solely for higher risk women [76].…”

Section: Box 2 How Opportunistic Screening Occursmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are also examples of lower risk women being opportunistically screened in addition to or instead of screening prompted by invitation. Some wish (or are encouraged) to be tested more frequently or outside of the age ranges the programme's screening interval dictates [86,88]. Opportunistic screening of normal or low risk women covered by organised programmes tends to be carried out by gynaecologists [71] and may be routine or sporadic [88].…”

Section: Box 2 How Opportunistic Screening Occursmentioning

confidence: 99%

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‘Organised’ cervical screening 45 years on: How consistent are organised screening practices?

Williams

Carter

Rychetnik

2014

European Journal of Cancer

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Organised screening programmes have been remarkably successful in reducing incidence and mortality from cervical cancer, while opportunistic screening varies in its effectiveness. Experts recommend that cervical screening or HPV testing be carried out only in the context of an organised programme. We sought to answer the following study questions: What does it mean for a cervical screening programme to be organised? Is there a place for opportunistic screening (in an organised programme)? We reviewed 154 peer-reviewed papers on organised and opportunistic approaches to cervical screening published between 1970 and 2014 to understand how the term 'organised' is used, formally and in practice. We found that despite broad recognition of a prescriptive definition of organisation, in practice the meaning of organisation is much less clear. Our review revealed descriptions of organised programmes that differ significantly from prescribed norms and from each other, and a variety of ways that opportunistic and organised programmes intersect. We describe the breadth of the variation in cervical cancer screening programmes and examine the relationships and overlaps between organised and opportunistic screening. Implications emerging from the review include the need to better understand the breadth of organisation in practice, the drivers and impacts of opportunistic screening and the impact of opportunistic screening on population programme outcomes. Appreciation of the complexity of cervical screening programmes will benefit both screeners and women as programmes are changed to reflect a partially vaccinated population, new evidence and new technologies.

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