A Review of Ceramics for Armor Applications

Karandikar, Prashant; Evans, G.; Wong, See Chang; Aghajanian, M. K.; Sennett, Michael

doi:10.1002/9780470456286.ch16

Cited by 73 publications

(81 citation statements)

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“…While all three materials show mixed-mode fracture, Sintox FA appears to exhibit primarily intergranular fracture surfaces, whereas Hexoloy SA and 3 M B 4 C show predominantly transgranular fracture surfaces. Such fracture behaviour is typical for these materials [2,26,27], and matches previous correlations between fracture toughness and fracture mode in ceramics. For Sintox FA and 3 M B 4 C, there appear to be no noticeable changes in fracture surface behaviour with fragment size or distance from the centre of impact.…”

Section: Fracture Surface Analysis Initial Observationssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Upon penetration, the bullet and the ceramic strike face undergo a number of processes, such as fragmentation, to dissipate the kinetic energy of the projectile to the extent that what remains is completely stopped by the composite backing of the armour system. The high speed nature (strain rates of approximately 10 8 s -1 ) and resulting damage to samples inflicted during this interaction, known as the ballistic event, make it difficult to identify the individual mechanisms that dissipate the kinetic energy of an incoming projectile [2,3]. Further, it is very problematic to systematically alter one property of a ceramic, such as grain size, to gauge its effect on ballistic performance, without inadvertently altering other microstructural parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, this study had the dual aims of developing a better method to capture fragments and preserve information on the ballistic event, and then studying those fragments to better understand the mechanisms that resulted in their creation. Further, since strain rate throughout a ballistic system decreases with distance from the centre of impact [13], such that fragments obtained from quasi-static test conditions can be compared with ballistic fragments obtained from the edges of the ballistic tile [2], fracture surfaces generated using quasi-static ring-on-ring biaxial disc testing were studied to assess the degree of correlation with captured fragments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the ballistic event: methodology and initial observations

et al. 2016

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The purpose of the study is to accelerate the development of ceramic materials for armour applications by substantially increasing the information obtained from a high-energy projectile impact event. This has been achieved by modifying an existing test configuration to incorporate a block of ballistic gel, attached to the strike face of a ceramic armour system, to capture fragments generated during the ballistic event such that their final positions are maintained. Three different materials, representative of the major classes of ceramics for armour applications, alumina, silicon carbide, and boron carbide, have been tested using this system. Ring-on-ring biaxial disc testing has also been carried out on the same materials. Qualitative analysis of the fracture surfaces using scanning electron microscopy and surface roughness quantification, via stereo imaging, has shown that the fracture surfaces of biaxial fragments and ballistic fragments recovered from the edges of the tile are indistinguishable. Although the alumina and boron carbide fragments generated from areas closer to the point of impact were also similar, the silicon carbide fragments showed an increase in porosity with respect to the fragments from further away and from biaxial testing. This porosity was found to result from the loss of a boron-rich second phase, which was widespread elsewhere in the material, although the relevance of this to ballistic performance needs further investigation. The technique developed in this work will help facilitate such studies.

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Section: Fracture Surface Analysis Initial Observationssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding the ballistic event: methodology and initial observations

et al. 2016

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“…The high compressive strength, hardness, and low density of ceramics have driven a rapid increase of their use in ballistic protection due to their ability to defeat projectiles via interface dwell and/or substantial erosion and destruction of the penetrating tip [1][2][3]. Ceramic armor development has typically focused on composite integration in order to compensate for undesirable brittle failure during ballistic impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistic Response of Chromium/Chromium-Sulfide Cermets

Loiseau

Nabavi

Capozzi

et al. 2015

J. dynamic behavior mater.

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In the present study, the ballistic response of chromium/chromium-sulfide cermet, a microstructural ceramic-metal composite, was investigated. The chromium/chromium-sulfide cermet was manufactured using self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, a process wherein the material is created under a self-sustaining combustion reaction between the chromium and sulfur. This type of synthesis allows the creation of near-net shape structures and offers the possibility of tuning material properties and material behavior by changing the reactant composition. High-speed ballistic impact (&1460 m/s) of samples with initial molar ratios of Cr:S ranging from 1.15:1 to 4:1 exhibited a transition in response from purely brittle to quasi-ductile when the molar ratio was at and above 3:1. Microscopy of the impacted samples revealed that this ductility was sustained by significant deformation of metal chromium particles supported in the matrix of chromium-sulfide ceramic. Ballistic depth of penetration experiments at &1715 m/s using thin cermet samples facing a polyethylene cylinder showed a weak dependence of residual penetration on molar ratio.

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“…Silicon carbide (SiC) is a brittle material with hardness of 22-35 GPa and fracture toughness of 2.96-5.8 MPa·m 1/2 [12,13]; SiC finds applications in the areas of protective system, space mirror, and abrasives [14][15][16]. β-SiAlON is relatively less brittle than α-SiC, with hardness of 14-17 GPa and fracture toughness of 6.5-7.88 MPa·m 1/2 [17,18]; β-SiAlON is one of the promising materials for cutting tools, turbine vanes and blades, and turbocharger rotors [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load-dependent indentation behavior of β-SiAlON and α-silicon carbide

2013

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A comparative study was carried out on the load-dependent indentation behavior with respect to hardness and induced cracks of β-SiAlON and α-silicon carbide ceramics. It is observed that silicon carbide (SiC) exhibits lower transition load, early cracking and severely crushed indentation sites, whereas β-SiAlON shows higher transition load and damage-free indentation zone even at the maximum applied load (294.19 N). Crack density is higher for α-SiC with comparison to β-SiAlON at each load. SiC exhibits both main and secondary radial types of cracking from low indentation load (0.98 N). Cracks are often associated with branching at higher load (> 9.80 N) for α-SiC. β-SiAlON exhibits cracks which are mainly radial types initiated at 4.90 N load. These opposing behaviors of β-SiAlON and α-SiC are attributed to their difference in hardness, toughness, and brittleness index. Higher brittleness of α-SiC results in early and severe cracking around its indentations. β-SiAlON shows less cracking due to its lower brittleness and higher toughness. The increased size of indentation-induced cracks of α-SiC is higher than that of β-SiAlON due to the rapid crack propagation in α-SiC with transgranular fracture behavior.

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A Review of Ceramics for Armor Applications

Cited by 73 publications

References 0 publications

Understanding the ballistic event: methodology and initial observations

Understanding the ballistic event: methodology and initial observations

Ballistic Response of Chromium/Chromium-Sulfide Cermets

Load-dependent indentation behavior of β-SiAlON and α-silicon carbide

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