A review of center of pressure (COP) variables to quantify standing balance in elderly people: Algorithms and open‐access code*

Quijoux, Flavien; Nicolaï, A.; Chairi, Ikram; Bargiotas, Ioannis; Ricard, Damien; Yelnik, A.; Oudre, Laurent; Bertin-Hugault, François; Vidal, Pierre‐Paul; Vayatis, Nicolas; Buffat, Stéphane; Audiffren, Julien

doi:10.14814/phy2.15067

Cited by 118 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 181 publications

(292 reference statements)

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“…To assess the effect of support and floor condition on movement stability and body posture, the following dependent variables were calculated: 1) movement speed in terms of the total duration of standing up and sitting down and the relative event of seat-off or seat-on; 2) stability in terms of the total 2D horizontal COP feet path length averaged over both legs ( Pinsault and Vuillerme 2009 ; Ringhof and Stein 2018 ) and 95% confidence ellipse area (sway area) averaged over both legs from seat-off to a stable stance and vice versa ( Quijoux et al, 2021 ); and 3) posture in terms of sagittal plane angles at a quiet stance in the hip, knee, and ankle joint averaged over both legs. Descriptive data are presented as means and standard deviations for the dependent variables.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the center of pressure (COP) reflects the neuromuscular response to control the center of mass (COM) within the base of support, it has an important role in terms of maintaining stability ( Sloot et al, 2020 ; Richmond et al, 2021 ). Therefore, we analyzed throughout the standing up and sitting down the total 2D horizontal COP (COP feet ) path length of the feet ( Pinsault and Vuillerme 2009 ; Ringhof and Stein 2018 ) and the sway area ( Quijoux et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, as rollators can lead to a hunched body position that is described as detrimental for overloading the upper body and building a rather unstable body position ( Carey and Crompton 2005 ; Drzał-Grabiec et al, 2013 ; Boyer et al, 2017 ), we analyzed the body posture at the end of the standing up movement to detect if the variations in support also lead to the posture variations that are described in walking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Young Individuals Are More Stable and Stand More Upright When Using Rollator Assistance During Standing up and Sitting Down

Krafft

Herzog

Stein

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Four-wheeled walkers or rollators are often used to assist older individuals in maintaining an independent life by compensating for muscle weakness and reduced movement stability. However, limited biomechanical studies have been performed to understand how rollator support affects posture and stability, especially when standing up and sitting down. Therefore, this study examined how stability and posture change with varying levels of rollator support and on an unstable floor. The aim was to collect comprehensive baseline data during standing up and sitting down in young participants. In this study, 20 able-bodied, young participants stood up and sat down both 1) unassisted and assisted using a custom-made robot rollator simulator under 2) full support and 3) touch support. Unassisted and assisted performances were analyzed on normal and unstable floors using balance pads with a compliant surface under each foot. Using 3D motion capturing and two ground-embedded force plates, we compared assistive support and floor conditions for movement duration, the relative timing of seat-off, movement stability (center of pressure (COP) path length and sway area), and posture after standing up (lower body sagittal joint angles) using ANOVA analysis. The relative event of seat-off was earliest under full support compared to touch and unassisted conditions under normal but not under unstable floor conditions. The duration of standing up and sitting down did not differ between support conditions on normal or unstable floors. COP path length and sway area during both standing up and sitting down were lowest under full support regardless of both floor conditions. Hip and knee joints were least flexed under full support, with no differences between touch and unassisted in both floor conditions. Hence, full rollator support led to increased movement stability, while not slowing down the movement, during both standing up and sitting down. During standing up, the full support led to an earlier seat-off and a more upright standing posture when reaching a stable stance. These results indicate that rollator support when handles are correctly aligned does not lead to the detrimental movement alterations of increased forward-leaning. Future research aims to verify these findings in older persons with stability and muscle weakness deficiencies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young Individuals Are More Stable and Stand More Upright When Using Rollator Assistance During Standing up and Sitting Down

Krafft

Herzog

Stein

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…The CoP and its displacements during a steady-state task are used to represent a subject’s postural sway. The analysis of a subject’s postural control based on a posturography relies on features (i.e., global variables) extracted from the COP trajectory during recording, such as the mean or maximal amplitude or velocity, the mean frequency, or the ellipse area covering the signal [ 19 ]. A 2-dimensional projection of the CoP trajectory (i.e., statokinesigram, see Figure 1 ) can also be generated from the recording for visual analysis, which can be useful for clinical applications as it is a faster than extracting and analyzing CoP features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Sensory Afferences in Postural Control Quantified by Force Platform: A Protocol for Systematic Review

Aflalo

Quijoux

Truong

et al. 2022

JPM

Self Cite

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Older adults’ postural balance is a critical domain of research as balance deficit is an important risk factor for falls that can lead to severe injuries and death. Considering the effects of ageing on sensory systems, we propose that posturographic evaluation with a force platform exploring the effect of sensory deprivation or perturbation on balance could help understand postural control alterations in the elderly. The aim of the future systematic review and meta-analysis described in this protocol is to explore the capacity of older adults to maintain their balance during sensory perturbations, and compare the effect of perturbation between the sensory channels contributing to balance. Seven databases will be searched for studies evaluating older adults’ balance under various sensory conditions. After evaluating the studies’ risk of bias, results from similar studies (i.e., similar experimental conditions and posturographic markers) will be aggregated. This protocol describes a future review that is expected to provide a better understanding of changes in sensory systems of balance due to ageing, and therefore perspectives on fall assessment, prevention, and rehabilitation.

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“…Rather, research has focused primarily on quantifying the stability of the postural system, often during laboratory-specific paradigms. In assessing stability, linear assessments of the center of pressure (e.g., ellipse area) and relations of the center of mass to the base of support (e.g., proximity) have been widely studied [ 3 ]. While it is true that these measures may provide valuable information in certain contexts, inherent assumptions of linearity restrict the breadth and depth of information that might be gleaned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postural Complexity during Listening in Young and Middle-Aged Adults

Napoli

Helfer

Emmerik

2022

Entropy

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Postural behavior has traditionally been studied using linear assessments of stability (e.g., center of pressure ellipse area). While these assessments may provide valuable information, they neglect the nonlinear nature of the postural system and often lead to the conflation of variability with pathology. Moreover, assessing postural behavior in isolation or under otherwise unrealistic conditions may obscure the natural dynamics of the postural system. Alternatively, assessing postural complexity during ecologically valid tasks (e.g., conversing with others) may provide unique insight into the natural dynamics of the postural system across a wide array of temporal scales. Here, we assess postural complexity using Multiscale Sample Entropy in young and middle-aged adults during a listening task of varying degrees of difficulty. It was found that middle-aged adults exhibited greater postural complexity than did young adults, and that this age-related difference in postural complexity increased as a function of task difficulty. These results are inconsistent with the notion that aging is universally associated with a loss of complexity, and instead support the notion that age-related differences in complexity are task dependent.

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A review of center of pressure (COP) variables to quantify standing balance in elderly people: Algorithms and open‐access code*

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 118 publications

References 181 publications

Young Individuals Are More Stable and Stand More Upright When Using Rollator Assistance During Standing up and Sitting Down

Young Individuals Are More Stable and Stand More Upright When Using Rollator Assistance During Standing up and Sitting Down

Impact of Sensory Afferences in Postural Control Quantified by Force Platform: A Protocol for Systematic Review

Postural Complexity during Listening in Young and Middle-Aged Adults

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