A review of bottom-up and top-down emission estimates of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in different parts of the world

Flerlage, Hannah; Velders, Guus J. M.; Boer, Jacob de

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131208

Cited by 52 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…However, the presence of TFA in precipitation is most likely due to degradation of gaseous refrigerants and blowing agents, which do fall under the purview of the Montreal Protocol. Further reports of the detection of TFA in surface waters have been published recently [48,56,57]. TFA has also now been detected in indoor dust in China.…”

Section: Trifluoroacetic Acid Continues To Be Detected In the Environ...mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Barnes

Robson

Neale

et al. 2022

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme evaluates effects on the environment and human health that arise from changes in the stratospheric ozone layer and concomitant variations in ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface. The current update is based on scientific advances that have accumulated since our last assessment (Photochem and Photobiol Sci 20(1):1–67, 2021). We also discuss how climate change affects stratospheric ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation, and how stratospheric ozone depletion affects climate change. The resulting interlinking effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change are assessed in terms of air quality, carbon sinks, ecosystems, human health, and natural and synthetic materials. We further highlight potential impacts on the biosphere from extreme climate events that are occurring with increasing frequency as a consequence of climate change. These and other interactive effects are examined with respect to the benefits that the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments are providing to life on Earth by controlling the production of various substances that contribute to both stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change.

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Section: Trifluoroacetic Acid Continues To Be Detected In the Environ...mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Further reports of the detection of TFA in surface waters have been published recently [ 48 , 56 , 57 ]. TFA has also now been detected in indoor dust in China.…”

Section: Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Barnes

Robson

Neale

et al. 2022

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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“…Fluorinated gases are the remaining category of GHGs, which have industrial uses including as refrigerants, foam blowing agents, insulators in high-voltage electrical equipment, and in other processes. Because most of these gases have no natural sources (unlike other GHGs), total anthropogenic emissions of individual F-gases can be more directly estimated using atmospheric concentration measurements or inverse modeling (Montzka et al, 2018;Flerlage et al, 2021;Brunner et al, 2017), although understanding the contributing sources still largely requires source-specific emission inventories.…”

Section: Inventory Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion: Coordinated development of emission inventories for climate forcers and air pollutants

Smith

McDuffie²,

Charles³

2022

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Emissions into the atmosphere of fine particulate matter, its precursors, and precursors to tropospheric ozone impact not only human health and ecosystems, but also the climate by altering Earth's radiative balance. Accurately quantifying these impacts across local to global scales historically and in future scenarios requires emission inventories that are accurate, transparent, complete, comparable, and consistent. In an effort to better quantify the emissions and impacts of these pollutants, also called short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is developing a new SLCF emissions methodology report. This report would supplement existing IPCC reporting guidance on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories, which are currently used by inventory compilers to fulfill national reporting requirements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and new requirements of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement starting in 2024. We review the relevant issues, including how air pollutant and GHG inventory activities have historically been structured, as well as potential benefits, challenges, and recommendations for coordinating GHG and air pollutant inventory efforts. We argue that, while there are potential benefits to increasing coordination between air pollutant and GHG inventory development efforts, we also caution that there are differences in appropriate methodologies and applications that must jointly be considered.

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“…For some HFCs there is a large mismatch between total calculated emissions from reported or estimated consumption and emissions inferred from observed mixing ratios. This results from no reporting, or underreporting, of HFC consumption by developed countries to the UNFCCC and missing information from developing countries (Flerlage et al, 2021). To obtain a good starting point for the scenarios, the consumption of these HFCs is scaled so that 180 the calculated emissions match the emissions inferred from observations.…”

Section: Historical Hfc Consumption 125mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, HFC emissions inferred from 80 observed mixing ratios have been reported for several countries, such as the United Kingdom up to 2018 (Manning et al, 2021), the United States from 2008 through 2014 (Hu et al, 2015;Hu et al, 2017), China for 2011-2017 (Yao et al, 2019), and India for 2016 (Say et al, 2019). Also, reviews of bottom-up and top-down emission estimates of HFCs have recently been published by Montzka and Velders et al (2018) and Flerlage et al (2021). Historical 85 HFC consumption data for several use sectors in China have been reported by Li et al (2019) and Fang et al (2016) and for Chinese room air conditioning (AC) specifically by Liu et al (2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projections of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions and the resulting global warming based on recent trends in observed abundances and current policies

Velders

Daniel

Montzka

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Abstract. The emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have increased significantly in the past two decades, primarily as a result of the phaseout of ozone depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol and the use of HFCs as their replacements. Projections from 2015 showed large increases in HFC use and emissions in this century in the absence of regulations, contributing up to 0.5 °C to global surface warming by 2100. In 2019, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol came into force with the goal of limiting the use of HFCs globally, and currently, regulations to limit the use of HFCs are in effect in several countries. Here, we analyze trends in HFC emissions inferred from observations of atmospheric abundances and compare them with previous projections. Total CO2-eq inferred HFC emissions continue to increase through 2019 (to about 0.8 GtCO2-eq yr−1) but are about 20 % lower than previously projected for 2017–2019, mainly because of lower global emissions of HFC-143a. This indicates that HFCs are used much less in industrial and commercial refrigeration (ICR) applications than previously projected. This is supported by data reported by the developed countries and lower reported consumption of HFC-143a in China. Because this time-period preceded the beginning of the Kigali controls, this reduction cannot be linked directly to the provisions of the Kigali Amendment. However, it could indicate that companies transitioned away from the HFC-143a with its high global warming potential (GWP) for ICR applications, in anticipation of national or global mandates. A new HFC scenario is developed based on current trends in HFC use and current policies in several countries. These current policies reduce projected emissions in 2050 from the previously calculated 4.0–5.3 GtCO2-eq yr−1 to 1.9–3.6 GtCO2-eq yr−1. The provisions of the Kigali Amendment are projected to reduce the emissions further to 0.9–1.0 GtCO2-eq yr−1 in 2050. Without current policies, HFCs would be projected to contribute 0.28–0.44 °C to the global surface warming in 2100, compared to 0.14–0.31 °C with current policies, but without the Kigali Amendment. In contrast, the Kigali Amendment controls are expected to limit surface warming from HFCs to about 0.04 °C in 2100.

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A review of bottom-up and top-down emission estimates of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in different parts of the world

Cited by 52 publications

References 74 publications

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Opinion: Coordinated development of emission inventories for climate forcers and air pollutants

Projections of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions and the resulting global warming based on recent trends in observed abundances and current policies

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