A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation

Abstract

This paper presents a literature review about the application of blockchain-based systems in transportation. The main aim was to identify, through the implementation of a multi-step methodology: current research-trends, main gaps in the literature, and possible future challenges. First, a bibliometric analysis was carried out to obtain a broad overview of the topic of interest. Subsequently, the most influential contributions were analysed in depth, with reference to the following two areas: supply chain and logistics; road traffic management and smart cities. The most important result is that the blockchain technology is still in an early stage, but appears extremely promising, given its possible applications within multiple fields, such as food track and trace, regulatory compliance, smart vehicles' security, and supply-demand matching. Much effort is still necessary for reaching the maturation stage because several models have been theorized in recent years, but very few have been implemented within real contexts. Moreover, the link blockchain-sustainability was explored, showing that this technology could be the trigger for limiting food waste, reducing exhaust gas emissions, favouring correct urban development, and, in general, improving quality of life.

Enhancement of Security and Handling the Inconspicuousness in IoT Using a Simple Size Extensible Blockchain

“…Blockchain is not the solution to everything because many limitations and challenges still exist. Astarita et al [16] states that blockchain technology is promising, but much effort is still necessary for it to reach the maturation stage. The main reason for this is that many models have been theorized in recent years, but only a few have been practically implemented in the area of supply chain and logistics, road traffic management, and smart cities.…”

“…A cluster head is then selected based on the protocol stated by the clustering algorithm [16]. The overlay block administrators (OBA), acting as the chiefs of the clusters, take charge of maintaining the blockchain.…”

“…Together, a faith Table record, the faith rate of the other overlay block administrators, and the timeclock specify the creation time of the blocks produced by various overlay block administrators of the blockchain environment. At least "y" verifications (y is checked) should be done out of "x" verifications (x is checked) where x and y are A cluster head is then selected based on the protocol stated by the clustering algorithm [16]. The overlay block administrators (OBA), acting as the chiefs of the clusters, take charge of maintaining the blockchain.…”

A framework for food traceability: case study – Italian extra-virgin olive oil supply chain

“…Future developments may include the use of blockchain technology, which refers to the evolution of algorithms and IT infrastructures, introduced for the first time in 2008 in the financial field by Satoshi Nakamoto, to monitor and control monetary transactions [30]. Today, this technology is of considerable interest for its multiple applications, especially in supply chain and logistics [31].…”

“…[39], greater economic security for primary producers by being able to plan agricultural and crop activities according to stipulated supply contracts before the start of the activities. However, although the blockchain technology is extremely promising and has several advantages, its development is at an early stage, then much effort is still necessary for reaching the maturation phase [31].…”