A review of blended cathode materials for use in Li-ion batteries

Chikkannanavar, Satishkumar B.; Bernardi, Dawn M.; Liu, Lingyun

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.09.052

Cited by 269 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…A range of 1.4-1.8 g/cm 3 has been commonly observed for these layered materials. 13 ICP analyses of the pristine and coated materials are summarized in Table I.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The first cycle charge capacities of both coated materials (AlPO 4 , 247 mAh/g; AlBO 3 , 262 mAh/g) are lower than that of the pristine material (313 mAh/g). However, the pristine material exhibits the greatest irreversible capacity loss (61 mAh/g).…”

Section: Tem Studies Of Alpo 4 -Andmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…A central problem in the development of next generation lithium-ion batteries is to develop improved cathode materials with increased energy storage capacities. Li-rich layered-layered cathode materials of the form Li 2 MnO 3 -LiMO 2 (M = Mn, Co, Ni) [1][2][3][4] have attracted considerable interest over the last decade due to their higher specific capacities (240-280 mAh/g) compared to the state of art cathode materials such as LiMn 2 5 However, these high capacity materials have yet to be adopted in commercial cells due to multiple technical barriers, including voltage and power fade during cycling, poor power characteristics, and modest cycle life at the high charging voltage (>4.5 V) necessary to achieve these capacities. A unique feature of these layered-layered NMC (LLNMC) cathode materials is that they release oxygen during the first charge step at 4.5 V, 2,[6][7][8] concomitant with oxidation of the Li 2 MnO 3 component.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aluminum Borate Coating on High-Voltage Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Seu

Davis

Pasalic

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Li-rich layered-layered nickel manganese cobalt oxides (LLNMC) of the type Li 2 MnO 3 -LiMO 2 (M = Mn, Co, Ni) are promising cathode materials due to their higher specific capacities and discharge voltages compared to state of art materials. However, these materials have yet to exhibit adequate cycle life and power characteristics in practical cells, partly due to the instability of electrolytes at these high voltages. Thin coatings of inorganic materials such as Al 2 O 3 , AlPO 4 , and AlF 3 have been shown to minimize these degradation processes, especially on high voltage cathodes. Here, we report the use of a new aluminum borate-based coating material on the LLNMC cathode at high active mass loadings. AlBO 3 -coated cathodes demonstrate a sevenfold increase in lifetime compared to uncoated material, as well as higher specific discharge energies vs. analogous AlPO 4 -coated materials. SEM and TEM confirm the thin coatings of amorphous material. Detailed electrochemical studies including Tafel polarization, PITT, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) show that the AlBO 3 coating improves the kinetics of electron transfer. 5 However, these high capacity materials have yet to be adopted in commercial cells due to multiple technical barriers, including voltage and power fade during cycling, poor power characteristics, and modest cycle life at the high charging voltage (>4.5 V) necessary to achieve these capacities. A unique feature of these layered-layered NMC (LLNMC) cathode materials is that they release oxygen during the first charge step at 4.5 V, 2,6-8 concomitant with oxidation of the Li 2 MnO 3 component. Although this process enables the material to yield its high specific capacity, the resulting structural instability and degradation, oxygen-induced reactions, and loss of lithium to oxidation products cause an irreversible capacity loss of 50-100 mAh/g during the formation cycle. Additionally, although the high voltage needed to fully cycle this cathode increases the energy yield, it appears to be a contributing factor to the decrease in overall cell cycle life, possibly caused by the buildup of electrolyte-derived surface films. 4,9,10 One successful strategy for stabilizing high-voltage LLNMC cathodes against electrolyte decomposition processes involves coating the active material with a thin layer of inorganic material, such as 22 we decided to explore the effects of replacing the phosphate anion with borate in our amorphous coating network. Another rationale for the study of a borate coating is our understanding that lithium borate additives increase electrolyte stability in the presence of high voltage cathodes, possibly by producing a protective borate film. 23,24 In this paper, we describe the benefits of an AlBO 3 surface coating on the performance and electrochemical behavior of LLNMC * Electrochemical Society Active Member.z E-mail: Ratnakumar.V.Bugga@jpl.nasa.gov cathode materials, especially on cycling stability and cell longevity at high active material loadings. To our knowledge...

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“…A range of 1.4-1.8 g/cm 3 has been commonly observed for these layered materials. 13 ICP analyses of the pristine and coated materials are summarized in Table I.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Tem Studies Of Alpo 4 -Andmentioning

confidence: 84%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Aluminum Borate Coating on High-Voltage Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Seu

Davis

Pasalic

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Moreover, its theoretical capacity of 1670 mAh/g as a lithium host (upon full reaction to Li 2 S) is almost an order of magnitude higher than incumbent transition metal-based intercalation cathode active materials and may enable batteries with very high active materials-only theoretical specific energy (up to 2500 Wh/kg). 2,3 The low cost of active materials for the Li-S couple makes it an attractive option for large-scale grid energy storage applications as well, which are essential for the large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. 4 Several technical barriers have limited the advancement of lithiumsulfur (Li-S) batteries, including rapid capacity fade, low rate capability, and low materials utilization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent Effects on Polysulfide Redox Kinetics and Ionic Conductivity in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Fan

Pan

Lau

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have high theoretical energy density and low raw materials cost compared to present lithium-ion batteries and are thus promising for use in electric transportation and other applications. A major obstacle for Li-S batteries is low rate capability, especially at the low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratios required for high energy density. Herein, we investigate several potentially rate-limiting factors for Li-S batteries. We study the ionic conductivity of lithium polysulfide solutions of varying concentration and in different ether-based solvents and their exchange current density on glassy carbon working electrodes. We believe this is the first such investigation of exchange current density for lithium polysulfide in solution. Exchange current densities are measured using both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and steady-state galvanostatic polarization. In the range of interest (1-8 M [S]), the ionic conductivity monotonically decreases with increasing sulfur concentration while exchange current density shows a more complicated relationship to sulfur concentration. The electrolyte solvent dramatically affects ionic conductivity and exchange current density. The measured ionic conductivities and exchange current densities are also used to interpret the overpotential and rate capability of polysulfide-nanocarbon suspensions; this analysis demonstrates that ionic conductivity is the rate-limiting property in the solution regime (i.e. between Li 2 S 8 and Li 2 S 4 ). The widespread adoption of electric vehicles requires energy storage systems with higher energy density and lower cost than currently available batteries. The US Department of Energy's 2020 pack-level targets to enable widespread commercialization of electric vehicles are cost < $125/kWh, energy density > 400 Wh/L, specific energy >250 Wh/kg, and specific power >2000 W/kg.1 Sulfur is of interest as a cathode material for next-generation batteries because of its very low cost (as a by-product of oil and gas production, ∼$60 ton −1 ) and high natural abundance. Moreover, its theoretical capacity of 1670 mAh/g as a lithium host (upon full reaction to Li 2 S) is almost an order of magnitude higher than incumbent transition metal-based intercalation cathode active materials and may enable batteries with very high active materials-only theoretical specific energy (up to 2500 Wh/kg).2,3 The low cost of active materials for the Li-S couple makes it an attractive option for large-scale grid energy storage applications as well, which are essential for the large-scale deployment of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. 4 Several technical barriers have limited the advancement of lithiumsulfur (Li-S) batteries, including rapid capacity fade, low rate capability, and low materials utilization.5-9 During discharge of a Li-S cell, elemental S is initially reduced to form soluble polysulfide species Li 2 S x (4 ≤ x ≤ 8) which exist in complex solution-phase equilibria. Upon further discharge, the short chain po...

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“…Increased cell temperatures in excess of 45°C have long been identified as a key contributor to accelerated cell degradation, due to accelerated growth of the passivating solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer at the anode and increased rate of undesired side reactions as reported within [35][36][37]. Furthermore, temperature gradients within cells through the central plane have been reported to also contribute to accelerated degradation [38,39].…”

Section: Hp Cycle Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duty-cycle characterisation of large-format automotive lithium ion pouch cells for high performance vehicle applications

Kellner

Worwood

Barai

et al. 2018

Journal of Energy Storage

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A B S T R A C TThe long-term behaviour of lithium ion batteries in high-performance (HP) electric vehicle (EV) applications is not well understood due to a lack of suitable testing cycles and experimental data. As such a generic HP duty cycle (HP-C), representing driving on a race track is validated, and six NMC graphite cells are characterised with respect to cycle-life. To enable a comparison between the HP-EV environment and conventional road driving, two test groups of cells are subject to an experimental evaluation over 200 duty cycles that includes a representative HP-C and a standard duty cycle from the IEC 62660-1 standard (IECC). After testing, both test groups display increased energy capacity, increased pure Ohmic resistance, lower charge transfer resistance an extended OCV operating window. The changes are more pronounced for cells subject to the HP-C. Based on capacity tests, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), pseudo-OCV tests, and Pulse Multisine Characterisation, it is concluded that the changes in cell characteristics are most likely caused by cracking of the electrode material caused by high electrical current pulses. With continued cycling, cells cycled with the HP-C are expected to show degradation at an increased rate due to raised temperatures, and more pronounced electrode cracking.

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A review of blended cathode materials for use in Li-ion batteries

Cited by 269 publications

References 58 publications

Aluminum Borate Coating on High-Voltage Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Aluminum Borate Coating on High-Voltage Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Solvent Effects on Polysulfide Redox Kinetics and Ionic Conductivity in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Duty-cycle characterisation of large-format automotive lithium ion pouch cells for high performance vehicle applications

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