A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles

Reid, Jeffrey S.; Koppmann, R.; Eck, T. F.; Eleuterio, Daniel P.

doi:10.5194/acp-5-799-2005

Cited by 1,228 publications

(1,390 citation statements)

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“…The high sulfate and low anthropogenic elements can be used to distinguish these data from that featuring coal-burning aerosol. Similarly, biomass burning originated aerosols contain high levels of potassium, organic carbon and black carbon, and the aerosols are predominantly in the fine mode (Reid et al, 2005). Through a reasonable procedure of remote sensing-assisted data training, our method can be applied to identify a number of distinct aerosol sources in research and regulatory applications.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that we consider all dust emissions from North America, including these from the Chihuahuan Desert in Mexico as local dust because the southern Chihuahuan Desert is a frequent dust source for aerosols in the southwestern US, especially Texas and New Mexico. The low PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratio is also expected to exclude high PM concentration contributed by biomass burning, which is dominated by fine particles, resulting in a high PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratio (Reid et al, 2005). A simple sensitivity test was conducted in the Discussion section to examine how sensitive the results are to the choice of the cutoff value.…”

Section: Approach To Identify Local Dust Recordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term dust climatology in the western United States reconstructed from routine aerosol ground monitoring

Tong

Wang

et al. 2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. This study introduces an observation-based dust identification approach and applies it to reconstruct longterm dust climatology in the western United States. Longterm dust climatology is important for quantifying the effects of atmospheric aerosols on regional and global climate. Although many routine aerosol monitoring networks exist, it is often difficult to obtain dust records from these networks, because these monitors are either deployed far away from dust active regions (most likely collocated with dense population) or contaminated by anthropogenic sources and other natural sources, such as wildfires and vegetation detritus. Here we propose an approach to identify local dust events relying solely on aerosol mass and composition from general-purpose aerosol measurements. Through analyzing the chemical and physical characteristics of aerosol observations during satellite-detected dust episodes, we select five indicators to be used to identify local dust records: (1) high PM 10 concentrations; (2) low PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratio; (3) higher concentrations and percentage of crustal elements; (4) lower percentage of anthropogenic pollutants; and (5) low enrichment factors of anthropogenic elements. After establishing these identification criteria, we conduct hierarchical cluster analysis for all validated aerosol measurement data over 68 IMPROVE sites in the western United States. A total of 182 local dust events were identified over 30 of the 68 locations from 2000 to 2007. These locations are either close to the four US Deserts, namely the Great Basin Desert, the Mojave Desert, the Sonoran Desert, and the Chihuahuan Desert, or in the high wind power region (Colorado). During the eight-year study period, the total number of dust events displays an interesting four-year activity cycle (one in 2000- The monthly frequency of dust events shows a peak from March to July and a second peak in autumn from September to November. The large quantity of dust events occurring in summertime also suggests the prevailing impact of windblown dust across the year. This seasonal variation is consistent with previous model simulations over the United States.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Approach To Identify Local Dust Recordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term dust climatology in the western United States reconstructed from routine aerosol ground monitoring

Tong

Wang

et al. 2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…power law function (absorption = C × λ -AAE ) and thus the AAE determined with any wavelength pair can be used to approximately calculate the shape of absorption across the UV-VIS range (Reid et al, 2005). We sampled a total of 75 stack burns and 32 room burns at the FSL combustion facility during October and November 2016.…”

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confidence: 99%

Aerosol optical properties and trace gas emissions by PAX and OP-FTIR for laboratory-simulated western US wildfires during FIREX

Selimovic¹,

Yokelson²,

Warneke³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Western wildfires have a major impact on air quality in the US. In the fall of 2016, 107 test fires were burned in the large-scale combustion facility at the US Forest Service Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory as part of the Fire Influence on Regional and Global Environments Experiment (FIREX). Canopy, litter, duff, dead wood, and other fuel components were 15 burned in combinations that represented realistic fuel complexes for several important western US coniferous and chaparral ecosystems including Ponderosa Pine, Douglas Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Lodgepole Pine, Subalpine Fire, Chamise, and Manzanita In addition, dung, Indonesian peat, and individual coniferous ecosystem fuel components were burned stand-alone to investigate the effects of individual components (e.g. "duff") and fuel chemistry on emissions. The smoke emissions were characterized by a large suite of state-of-the-art instruments. In this study we report emission factor (EF, g compound emitted per 20 kg fuel burned) measurements in fresh smoke of a diverse suite of critically-important trace gases measured by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR). We also report aerosol optical properties (absorption EF, single scattering albedo (SSA), and Ångström absorption exponent (AAE)) as well as black carbon (BC) EF measured by photoacoustic extinctiometers (PAX) at 870 and 401 nm. The average trace gas emissions were similar across the coniferous ecosystems tested and most of the variability observed in emissions could be attributed to differences in the consumption of components such as duff and litter, 25 rather than the dominant tree species. Chaparral fuels produced lower EF than mixed coniferous fuels for most trace gases except for NO x and acetylene. A careful comparison with available field measurements of wildfires confirms that several methods can be used to extract data representative of real wildfires from the FIREX lab fire data. This is especially valuable for species not yet measured in the field. For instance, the OP-FTIR data alone show that ammonia (1.65 g kg -1 ), acetic acid (2.44 g kg -1 ), nitrous acid (HONO, 0.61 g kg -1 ) and other trace gases such as glycolaldehyde and formic acid are significant emissions not 30 previously measured for US wildfires. The PAX measurements show that the ratio of brown carbon (BrC) absorption to BC absorption is strongly dependent on modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and that BrC absorption is most dominant for combustion of duff (AAE 7.13) and rotten wood (AAE 4.60): fuels that are consumed in greater amounts during wildfires than prescribed fires. Coupling our lab data with field data suggests that fresh wildfire smoke typically has an EF for BC near 0.1 g kg -1 ), an SSA of ~0.91 and an AAE of ~3.50, with the latter implying that about 86% of the aerosol absorption at 401 nm is due 35 to BrC.

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“…Burkart et al (2010) found that the C-factor can be estimated as the ratio of the instrument-30 specific factor to the aerosol density. Accordingly, assuming that the typical density of BB aerosol is about 1.3 g cm −3 (Reid et al, 2005b), we estimated the C-factor for our case to be of 1.27. Measurements of the CO mixing ratio were made with a modified commercial gas analyzer Thermo 48C (Thermo Environmental Instruments, USA; see Nédélec et al, 2003;Paris et al, 2008).…”

Section: Aircraft Measurements 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30 The aerosol particles of all types were distributed among ten size bins covering the particle diameters from 10 nm to 40 µm following a lognormal size distributions. Based on an empirical BB particle emission model by Reid et al (2005b) emissions of BC and OC from fires were distributed among a range of particle sizes using a lognormal particle size distribution with a mass mean diameter of 0.3 µm and a geometric standard deviation of 1.6. Usually a minor fraction of BB emissions, which comprises coarse particles with a typical mean diameter of about 5 µm, was disregarded in our simulations.…”

Section: Simulations With the Chimere Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of black carbon emissions from Siberian fires using satellite observations of absorption and extinction optical depths

Konovalov¹,

Lvova²,

Beekmann³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Black carbon (BC) emissions from open biomass burning (BB) are known to have a considerable impact on the radiative budget of the atmosphere on global and regional scales but are poorly constrained in models by atmospheric 20 observations, especially in remote regions. Here, we investigate the feasibility of constraining BC emissions from BB with satellite observations of the aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) and the aerosol extinction optical depth (AOD) retrieved from OMI (Ozone monitoring instrument) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) measurements, respectively. We consider the case of Siberian BB BC emissions, which have a strong potential to impact the Arctic climate system. Using aerosol remote sensing data collected at Siberian sites of the Aerosol Robotic Network 25 (AERONET) along with the results of the Fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4), we establish an empirical parameterization relating the ratio of the elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) contents in BB aerosol to the ratio of AAOD and AOD at the wavelengths of the satellite observations. Applying this parameterization to the BC and OC column amounts simulated with the CHIMERE chemistry transport model, we optimize the parameters of the BB emission model based on MODIS measurements of the fire radiative power (FRP) and obtain top-down optimized estimates of the 30 total monthly BB BC amounts emitted from intense Siberian fires that occurred in May-September 2012. The top-down estimates are compared to the corresponding values obtained using the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED4) and the Fire Emission Inventory-northern Eurasia (FEI-NE). Our simulations using the optimized BB aerosol emissions are verified against AAOD and AOD data that were withheld from the estimation procedure. The simulations are further evaluated against in situ EC and OC measurements at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) and also against aerosol 35 2 measurement data collected on board of an aircraft in the framework of the Airborne Extensive Regional Observations (YAK-AEROSIB) experiments. We conclude that our BC and OC emission estimates, considered with their confidence intervals, are consistent with the ensemble of the measurement data analyzed in this study. Siberian fires are found to emit 0.41 ± 0.14 Tg of BC over the whole period of the five months considered; this estimate is a factor of 2 larger and a factor of 1.5 smaller compared to that the corresponding estimates based on the GFED4 (0.20 Tg) and FEI-NE (0.61 Tg) data, 5 respectively. Our estimates of monthly BC emissions are also found to be larger than the BC amounts calculated with the GFED4 data and smaller than those calculated with the FEI-NE data for any of the five months. Especially large positive differences of our estimates of monthly BC emissions with respect to the GFED4 data are found in May and September. This finding indicates that the GFED4 database is likely to strongly underestimate BC emissions from agricultural burns and ...

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A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles

Cited by 1,228 publications

References 113 publications

Long-term dust climatology in the western United States reconstructed from routine aerosol ground monitoring

Long-term dust climatology in the western United States reconstructed from routine aerosol ground monitoring

Aerosol optical properties and trace gas emissions by PAX and OP-FTIR for laboratory-simulated western US wildfires during FIREX

Estimation of black carbon emissions from Siberian fires using satellite observations of absorption and extinction optical depths

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