A Review of Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease in Noninvasive Samples

Hartmann, Samuel; Kist, Tarso B. Ledur

doi:10.2217/bmm-2017-0388

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Therefore, biomarkers from saliva might be easily gained, especially in small children and even newborn [36]. The samples can be even self-collected by the patients at home or with the help of a caregiver, and easily store in the refrigerator until diagnostics [37]. The fluid is also accessible due to its close relationship with plasma [38].…”

Section: Saliva: Composition and Diagnostic Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases

Maciejczyk

Gerreth

2020

JCM

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Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are disorders, which cause irreversible and progressive deterioration of the central nervous system. The pathophysiology of NDDs is still not fully explained; nevertheless, oxidative stress is considered as a critical mediator of cerebral degeneration, brain inflammation, as well as neuronal apoptosis. Therefore, it is not surprising that redox biomarkers are increasingly used in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. As saliva is a very easy to obtain bioliquid, it seems promising to use this biomaterial in the diagnosis of NDDs. Saliva collection is easy, cheap, stress-free, and non-infectious, and it does not require the help of a specialised medical personnel. Additionally, the concentrations of many salivary redox biomarkers correlate with their content in blood serum as well as the degree of disease progression, which makes them non-invasive indicators of NDDs. This paper reviews the latest knowledge concerning the use of salivary redox biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of selected neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Saliva: Composition and Diagnostic Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases

Maciejczyk

Gerreth

2020

JCM

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“…In this context, recent works have focused on the plethora of biomarkers present within the urinary proteins, glycoproteins and exosomes that could allow for the early diagnosis, prognosis, prevention or treatment of various diseases [ 172 , 173 ]. Furthermore, urine can also reflect AD pathology signs, generally associated with modifications in protein and lipid metabolism caused by oxidative stress [ 174 , 175 ]. Moreover, since the concentration of the creatinine waste product is physiologically stable, it can be used for normalizing urine biomarker concentrations [ 174 ].…”

Section: Emerging Body Fluid Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, since the concentration of the creatinine waste product is physiologically stable, it can be used for normalizing urine biomarker concentrations [ 174 ]. In this context, the most promising urinary biomarkers include isoprostane [ 176 ], glycine and total free amino acids [ 177 ], and 8-hydroxy-2‘-deoxyguanosine [ 178 ], which have achieved over 90% accuracy [ 174 , 175 ].…”

Section: Emerging Body Fluid Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease—An Up-To-Date Overview

2020

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Neurodegeneration is a highly complex process which is associated with a variety of molecular mechanisms related to ageing. Among neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common, affecting more than 45 million individuals. The underlying mechanisms involve amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) deposition, which will subsequently lead to oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, neuron dysfunction, and neurodegeneration. The current diagnosis methods are still limited in regard to the possibility of the accurate and early detection of the diseases. Therefore, research has shifted towards the identification of novel biomarkers and matrices as biomarker sources, beyond amyloid-β and tau protein levels within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), that could improve AD diagnosis. In this context, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of both conventional and novel biomarkers for AD found within body fluids, including CSF, blood, saliva, urine, tears, and olfactory fluids.

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“…In fact, previous studies based on lipid peroxidation improved the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, and also established new biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic purposes [5]. Specifically, different isoprostanoids have been determined in cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) [6,7], plasma and serum [8], and in urine samples [9,10], showing correlation with early AD. These compounds can be classified depending on the modified lipid from which they derived.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of lipid peroxidation and artificial neural network models in early Alzheimer Disease diagnosis

Peña-Bautista

Oger

Baquero

et al. 2019

Clinical Biochemistry

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A B S T R A C TObjective: Lipid peroxidation constitutes a molecular mechanism involved in early Alzheimer Disease (AD) stages, and artificial neural network (ANN) analysis is a promising non-linear regression model, characterized by its high flexibility and utility in clinical diagnosis. ANN simulates neuron learning procedures and it could provide good diagnostic performances in this complex and heterogeneous disease compared with linear regression analysis. Design and Methods: In our study, a new set of lipid peroxidation compounds were determined in urine and plasma samples from patients diagnosed with early Alzheimer Disease (n = 70) and healthy controls (n = 26) by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass-spectrometry. Then, a model based on ANN was developed to classify groups of participants. Results: The diagnostic performances obtained using an ANN model for each biological matrix were compared with the corresponding linear regression model based on partial least squares (PLS), and with the non-linear (radial and polynomial) support vector machine (SVM) models. Better accuracy, in terms of receiver operating characteristic-area under curve (ROC-AUC), was obtained for the ANN models (ROC-AUC 0.882 in plasma and 0.839 in urine) than for PLS and SVM models. Conclusion: Lipid peroxidation and ANN constitute a useful approach to establish a reliable diagnosis when the prognosis is complex, multidimensional and non-linear. [17]. Neurons are placed in several layers (input, hidden, output) in the https://doi.

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A Review of Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease in Noninvasive Samples

Cited by 26 publications

References 44 publications

Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases

Salivary Redox Biomarkers in Selected Neurodegenerative Diseases

Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease—An Up-To-Date Overview

Assessment of lipid peroxidation and artificial neural network models in early Alzheimer Disease diagnosis

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