A Review of Bio-lubricant Production from Vegetable Oils Using Esterification Transesterification Process

Annisa, Arianti Nuur; Widayat, Widayat

doi:10.1051/matecconf/201815606007

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The results indicated that all three base catalysts achieved high conversion (95.4 ± 1.80%) in 1.5 h one‐pot reactions. The results of using K 2 CO 3 and KOH are comparable to similar studies that utilized NaOMe as the catalyst . In earlier studies of methoxide catalysts, the overall reaction reached completion (>98%) in 1 h under the optimum conditions .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Synthesis of Trimethylolpropane Esters by Base‐Catalyzed Transesterification

Nie

Shen

Shim

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Trimethylolpropane (TMP) esters are synthesized from fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and TMP to produce a fluid with properties suitable for use as a lubricant base oil, exhibiting good stability, and low‐temperature performances. In this study, triacylglyceride (TAG) molecules are modified to produce FAME and then linked to TMP. Initially, vegetable oil is transesterified with excess methanol, and potassium hydroxide to produce crude FAME. The FAMEs are then refined and further transesterified with TMP and heating, under vacuum, using potassium carbonate catalyst. The conversion of TMP is successfully achieved by adding an excess of FAME to a reaction mixture of base and polyol in the second step. All reactions are monitored and confirmed using 1H‐NMR. The reactions proceed quickly as an efficient production of FAME and TMP to TMP triesters is successfully achieved by adding an excess of FAME slowly to a mixture of TMP and catalyst. Practical Applications: The major objective is to develop and optimize a reverse addition reaction method for TMP‐based biolubricant production. The highly enriched TMP biolubricant is prepared by reverse phase chromatography and these biolubricant products are characterized for oxidative stability index and low‐temperature performance. The optimum conditions are applied to different vegetable oils.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Synthesis of Trimethylolpropane Esters by Base‐Catalyzed Transesterification

Nie

Shen

Shim

et al. 2020

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…Due to the depletion of crude oil reserves and environmental pollution by mineral oil-based lubricant interest has developed to use vegetable oil-based lubricants that are biodegradable and less toxic compared to mineral-based lubricants and are renewable. 3,4 Change in viscosity of vegetable oil with temperature is less which ensures maintain required lubricating film thickness at higher temperatures also. Vegetable oil-based lubricants can perform well in applications with a higher possibility of explosions as they are composed of high molecular weight triglyceride molecules results in low volatility and high flash point.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of using polyethylene as viscosity enhancer of palm oil to use as a lubricating oil

Pathmasiri

Perera

2020

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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Biodegradable vegetable oil-based lubricating oil is a better auxiliary for mineral-based lubricants as their viscosity index, flash point, lubricity is high. Nonetheless, their limited viscosity range is a major constraint of their usage as lubricating oil. Polymers have proven their capability of increasing the viscosity of vegetable oils without adversely affecting their lubricating properties. Potentially of use of oxidized polyethylene (OPE) as a viscosity booster of palm oil to use as a lubricating oil is studied adding several weight percentages of OPE to the palm oil independently. The addition of 1.75 wt% of OPE to the palm oil resulted in a blend with comparable kinematic viscosity to H68 and the addition of 2.0 wt% of OPE to the palm oil resulted in a blend with comparable kinematic viscosity to SAE30. Palm oil behaves as Newtonian fluid at low temperatures and as the temperature increases, it behaves as shear thickening fluid while the addition of OPE cause to shear thinning behavior.

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“…(47) Although they are primarily focused on solving these problems, Indonesian researchers have conducted a few studies on biodegradable lubricants. (48)(49)(50) Regarding Brazil, biodegradable lubricants are mentioned in legislative documents; however, we found that related regulations did not exist, and that there was a lack of awareness about the environmental impact of lubricants. This is because Brazil is a crude oil producer and is thus more interested in producing and exporting crude oil.…”

Section: Lubricantmentioning

confidence: 86%