A Review of Battery Life-Cycle Analysis. State of Knowledge and Critical Needs

Sullivan, J. L.; Gaines, Linda

doi:10.2172/1219288

Cited by 53 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…On the other hand, it is certain that Japan has 25 decreased its energy consumption because of its moderate PV growth rate after stopping its rapid growth in 2006, whereas Germany and Italy have increased their energy consumption even taking into account their uncertainties because of their rapid PV growth recently. Therefore, from the viewpoint of global primary 30 energy consumption, it could be concluded that the hypothesis of the ensemble effect is true. 14 .…”

Section: Assumptions For Co 2 Emissions In the Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Net CO₂ emissions from global photovoltaic development

2014

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We examine cumulative net energy use and cumulative net CO 2 emissions associated with the 5 development of photovoltaics (PVs) on a global scale. The analysis is focused on the performance of five countries with the largest installed PV capacities -Italy, Japan, Germany, Spain, and the United Statesand on the aggregate values for the world (23 countries). The historical record shows that, during the past 19 years of development, the installed base has grown to 64 GW, with an average annual growth rate of almost 40%. During that period the manufacturing and use of photovoltaics has led to a cumulative net 10 consumption of approximately 286 PJ of energy, and cumulative net emissions of 34 Mt of CO 2 as a result of a considerable payback time. While energy/CO 2 payback time is not unique to PV systems, it plays a larger role in the development of new energy systems than other low-carbon systems. PV energy/CO 2 payback time decreases with the following measures: installation of PVs in locations with a large PV potential and high CO 2 emissions of the electricity replaced, manufacturing PVs at locations 15 with low CO 2 emissions of kWh of electricity used in the production, recycling PVs, and increasing PV conversion efficiency. The analysis is therefore extended into the future for three scenarios with different maximum capacities of photovoltaics (20%, 50%, and 100% of total electricity production). In these scenarios, cumulative net CO 2 emissions can be reduced by 4%, 9%, and 18%, respectively, over the long term (by the year 2050). Short-term CO 2 increases during growth versus long-term CO 2 reduction present 20 a trade-off in developmental growth strategies.

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Section: Assumptions For Co 2 Emissions In the Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this paper, we use the historical data to validate this result. In particular, we identify countries whose growth rate of renewable energy capacity 30 exceeds the critical value, and some where it does not. In addition, we clarify the future environmental impact of the growth of renewable energies from a long-term perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Net CO₂ emissions from global photovoltaic development

2014

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“…Self-discharging is applied in this study when the vehicle is parked but no recharge takes place, even though it represents a small percentage of discharge. The battery selfdischarging factor has been assumed to be approximately 10% of the nominal maximum battery energy capacity per month [24], and then it is scaled according to the parking time. In addition it has been assumed that the battery of each vehicle is fully charged at the beginning of the analysis period meaning the SOC equal to the maximum allowed SOC (i.e.…”

Section: E-vehicles Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and assessment of the electrification of urban road transport based on real-life mobility data

Gennaro

Paffumi

Scholz

et al. 2013

WEVJ

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Assessing the potential of electric vehicles against actual user needs is a key-issue to integrate individual emobility in sustainable transport. An extensive analysis of real-life mobility has been carried out, in view of deriving and quantifying the potential of introducing electric vehicles in urban environment. A large activity data set collected with GPS black boxes mounted on approximately 16,000 vehicles monitored for a one-month period in the Italian province and city of Modena has been purchased and post-processed in order to characterise vehicles' driving patterns. The ability of different types of electric vehicles to cover the real mobility needs of the users has been then investigated, estimating the percentage of individual trips which might be suitable to be performed by electric vehicles, as well as their potential impact on the electric energy distribution grid depending on different recharging behavioural models. The results show that more than 80% of these trips might be driven electric and that a fleet share lying between 10% and 25% can be immediately converted to battery electric vehicles, being not affected by their limited range.The quantitative key-insights based on real-life mobility data enable to address several issues, ranging from technological aspects, policy impacts and interoperability possibilities offered by the integration of electromobility with the energy distribution grid.

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“…53,54 ────────────────────────── 48 Cullbrand and Magnusson (2011). 49 Sullivan and Gaines (2010). 50 Waste Management World (2012).…”

Section: Recycling and End Of Life Phasementioning

confidence: 99%