A Review of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Removal Strategies from Wastewater

Inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes in wastewater streams: Current challenges and future perspectives

“…Antibiotics have thereafter been abused, misused, overused and continually released into natural bodies through WWTPs, which are considered as sinks of major antibiotic reticulation pathways, such as households, aquaculture, healthcare facilities, antibiotic manufacturing facilities, agricultural activities, animal feedlots and slaughterhouses ( Ekwanzala et al, 2018 ; Ben et al, 2019 ; Rodriguez-Molina et al, 2019 ). Correspondingly, numerous reviews have been able to identify the most predominantly consumed or utilised antibiotic categories as: macrolides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, quinolones, tetracyclines, due to their prevalence in WWTPs and groundwater ( Nnadozie et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Noor et al, 2021 ) further reports a list of 16 antibiotic families based on their corresponding ARGs extrapolated from analysis of five continents. WWTPs have to capacity to hold, daily, phenomenal volumes of wastewater containing cocktails of chemical contaminants and organic matter, which are consistently biotransformed by denizen microorganisms (both beneficial and harmful).…”

“…WWTPs have to capacity to hold, daily, phenomenal volumes of wastewater containing cocktails of chemical contaminants and organic matter, which are consistently biotransformed by denizen microorganisms (both beneficial and harmful). However, despite considerable achievement by these plants in reducing major pollutants through a combination of physicochemical and biological techniques, several reports have highlighted the surreptitiousness and subsequent evasion of certain classes of microcontaminants, especially antibiotics, as well as some ARBs and ARGs during such treatment processes ( Unuofin, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Zainab et al, 2020 ; Noor et al, 2021 ). Once in WWTPs, the persistent interaction of microbial denizens with antibiotics under genial conditions, such as adequate nutrients levels, biofilms abundance and other physicochemical conditions might facilitate microbial tolerance and evolution in resistance to gradually increasing concentration of antibiotics.…”

Antimicrobial Resistance in Rivers: A Review of the Genes Detected and New Challenges

“…The combination of microalgae with irradiation and oxidation also favors antibiotic degradation (Leng et al, 2020). Nanotechnology also offers good benefits over conventional technologies for removing ARGs, although its use in wastewater treatment needs further investigation for possible biological and ecotoxicity related to it (Noor et al, 2021).…”

Adsorption performance of GO-doped activated ATP composites towards tetracycline

“…Antibiotics are widely used in livestock agriculture, aquaculture, and medical services as effective preventive and therapeutic medicines for infectious diseases. [1][2][3] According to their chemical structure, antibiotics can be classied as tetracyclines, sulphonamides, quinolones, macrolides, b-lactams, and aminoglycosides. Currently, antibiotics' presence can be detected in the effluent of several sewage plants, groundwater, and natural water bodies in China and abroad.…”