A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites

Okamoto, S.; Tanimoto, Hiroshi

doi:10.1186/s40645-016-0109-2

Cited by 39 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 440 publications

(633 reference statements)

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“…In addition, mountain venting induced by higher temperatures allows ABL air to be transported to the free troposphere, often occurring in summer (between April and August; Henne et al, 2005;Kreipl, 2006). While the Jungfraujoch site is a remote site, mostly influenced by free tropospheric air masses with incursions of ABL air masses during 50 % of the spring and summer (Collaud Coen et al, 2011;Henne et al, 2005Henne et al, , 2010Okamoto and Tanimoto, 2016;Zellweger et al, 2000Zellweger et al, , 2003, the Zugspitze site is more often influenced by the ABL (Henne et al, 2010). In summer, when the influence of the ABL is the largest, the observed changes are in very close agreement, with 0.25 ± 0.06 and 0.26 ± 0.09 % year −1 respectively.…”

Section: Geos-chem Simulation Vs Ndacc Ftir Observationssupporting

confidence: 68%

The recent increase of atmospheric methane from 10 years of ground-based NDACC FTIR observations since 2005

Bader

Bovy²,

Conway

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Changes of atmospheric methane total columns (CH 4 ) since 2005 have been evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar observations carried out at 10 ground-based sites, affiliated to the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). From this, we find an increase of atmospheric methane total columns of 0.31 ± 0.03 % year −1 (2σ level of uncertainty) for the 2005-2014 period. Comparisons with in situ methane measurements at both local and global scales show good agreement. We used the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model tagged simulation, which accounts for the contribution of each emission source and one sink in the total methane, simulated over 2005-2012. After regridding according to NDACC vertical layering using a conservative regridding scheme and smoothing by convolving with respective FTIR seasonal averaging kernels, the GEOS-Chem simulation shows an increase of atmospheric methane total columns of 0.35 ± 0.03 % year −1 between 2005 and 2012, which is in agreement with NDACC measurements over the same time period (0.30 ± 0.04 % year −1 , averaged over 10 stations). Analysis of the GEOS-Chem-tagged simulation allows us to quantify the contribution of each tracer to the global methane change since 2005. We find that natural sources such as wetlands and biomass burning contribute to the interannual variability of methane. However, anthropogenic emissions, such as coal mining, and gas and oil transport and exploration, which are mainly emitted in the Northern Hemisphere and act as secondary contributors to the global budget of methane, have played a major role in the increase of atmospheric methane observed since 2005. Based on the GEOSPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. W. Bader et al.: The recent increase of atmospheric methaneChem-tagged simulation, we discuss possible cause(s) for the increase of methane since 2005, which is still unexplained.

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Section: Geos-chem Simulation Vs Ndacc Ftir Observationssupporting

confidence: 68%

The recent increase of atmospheric methane from 10 years of ground-based NDACC FTIR observations since 2005

Bader

Bovy²,

Conway

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…A slightly lower correlation (R 2 = 0.77) was found at the Monte Curcio site, where the high PM 2.5 /PM 10 average ratio of 0.82 shows the predominant contribution of the fine fraction likely due to long-range transport given that no local sources are present nearby this high altitude site. Fine aerosol, coming from industrial areas of continental Europe, can persist in the atmosphere longer and can be transported over a large distance, as already observed in other remote sites [39,40]. In Capo Granitola, the dataset is more limited compared to the other sites; however, some information could be obtained from the data in Figure 3.…”

Section: Pm 10 and Pm 25 Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Inter-Comparison of Carbon Content in PM2.5 and PM10 Collected at Five Measurement Sites in Southern Italy

et al. 2017

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A field campaign was performed simultaneously at five measurement sites, having different characteristics, to characterize the spatial distribution of the carbonaceous content in atmospheric aerosol in Southern Italy during the winter season. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were measured at urban (Naples), suburban (Lecce), coastal/marine (Lamezia Terme and Capo Granitola), and remote (Monte Curcio) locations. OC and EC mass concentrations were quantified by the thermal-optical transmission (TOT) method, in 24-h PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples collected on quartz fiber filters, from 25 November 2015 to 1 January 2016. The different sites showed marked differences in the average concentrations of both carbonaceous species. Typically, OC average levels (±standard deviation) were higher at the sites of Naples (12.8 ± 5.1 and 11.8 ± 4.6 µg/m 3 ) and Lecce (10.7 ± 5.8 and 9.0 ± 4.7 µg/m 3 ), followed by Lamezia Terme (4.3 ± 2.0 and 4.0 ± 1.9 µg/m 3 ), Capo Granitola (2.3 ± 1.2 and 1.7 ± 1.1 µg/m 3 ), and Monte Curcio (0.9 ± 0.3 and 0.9 ± 0.3 µg/m 3 ) in PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively. Similarly, EC average levels (±standard deviation) were higher at the urban sites of Naples (2.3 ± 1.1 and 1.8 ± 0.5 µg/m 3 ) and Lecce (1.5 ± 0.8 and 1.4 ± 0.7 µg/m 3 ), followed by Lamezia Terme (0.6 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± 0.3 µg/m 3 ), Capo Granitola (0.3 ± 0.3 and 0.3 ± 0.2 µg/m 3 ), and Monte Curcio (0.06 ± 0.04 and 0.05 ± 0.03 µg/m 3 ) in PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively. An opposite trend was observed for the OC/EC ratios ranging from 6.4 to 15.9 in PM 10 and from 6.4 to 15.5 in PM 2.5 with lower values in urban sites compared to remote sites. Different OC-EC correlations, 0.36 < R 2 < 0.90, were found in four observation sites. This behavior suggests the contributions of similar sources and common atmospheric processes in both fractions. No correlations were observed between OC and EC at the site of Naples. The average secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations, quantified using the minimum OC/EC ratio method, ranged from 0.4 to 7.6 µg/m 3 in PM 10 and from 0.4 to 7.2 µg/m 3 in PM 2.5 , accounting from 37 to 59% of total OC in PM 10 and from 40 to 57% in PM 2.5 with higher percentages in the urban and suburban sites of Naples and Lecce.

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“…The cloud albedo effect of aerosols is one of the biggest uncertainties in global climate models (IPCC, 2013), and depends strongly on the number concentration and size of particles. Numerous studies have concentrated on monitoring the particle number size distribution (PNSD) within the planet boundary layer (PBL), where anthropogenic sources have strong impacts (Peng et al, 2014). However, particles in the pristine free troposphere (FT) have rarely been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation under the influence of biomass burning at a high altitude background site at Mt. Yulong (3410 m), China

Shang

Zheng

et al. 2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) activities have a great impact on the particle number size distribution (PNSD) in the upper troposphere of the Tibetan Plateau, which could affect regional and global climate. An intensive campaign focused on the measurement of the PNSD, gaseous pollutants, and meteorological parameters was conducted at Mt. Yulong, a high-altitude site (3410 m a.s.l.) on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during the pre-monsoon season (22 March to 15 April). During this period, intensive BB activities in southern Asia were detected by fire maps. The long-range transport of BB pollutants can increase the accumulation mode particles in the background atmosphere at Mt. Yulong. As a consequence, the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration was found to be 2–8 times higher during BB periods than during clean periods. Apart from BB, variations of the planet boundary layer (PBL) and new particle formation (NPF) were other factors that influenced the PNSD. However, only three NPF events (with a frequency of 14 %) were observed at Mt. Yulong. The occurrence of NPF events during clean episodes corresponded to an elevated PBL or transported BB pollutants. Due to the lack of condensable vapors including sulfuric acid and organic compounds, the newly formed particles were not able to grow to CCN size. Our study emphasizes the influences of BB on the aerosol and CCN concentration in the atmosphere of the Tibetan Plateau. These results also have the potential to improve our understanding of the variation of the particle concentration in the upper troposphere, and provide information for regional and global climate models.

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A review of atmospheric chemistry observations at mountain sites

Cited by 39 publications

References 440 publications

The recent increase of atmospheric methane from 10 years of ground-based NDACC FTIR observations since 2005

The recent increase of atmospheric methane from 10 years of ground-based NDACC FTIR observations since 2005

Inter-Comparison of Carbon Content in PM2.5 and PM10 Collected at Five Measurement Sites in Southern Italy

Particle number size distribution and new particle formation under the influence of biomass burning at a high altitude background site at Mt. Yulong (3410 m), China

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