A review of angular limb deformities

Witte, Stefan; Hunt, Robert J.

doi:10.2746/095777309x440096

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…However, removal of the distal epiphysis and carpal arthrodesis would negate remaining distal radial elongation and there was concern that a significant disparity in length between the fore‐ and hindlimbs could occur. In Quarter Horse foals, the distal radial physis does not appear radiographically closed until age 22–36 months, with the majority of growth occurring in the first 8 months (Witte and Hunt 2009). However, growth curves for the American Miniature foal are unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral distal radial epiphysectomy and pancarpal arthrodesis for correction of complex carpal deformities in an American Miniature horse

Whitfield-Cargile

Watkins

2011

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A 9‐day‐old American Miniature horse was referred for evaluation and treatment of congenital bilateral carpal deformities. Clinical examination revealed a combination of flexural, angular and rotational deformities affecting both carpi. Radiographic evaluation of both forelimbs revealed malformation of the distal radial epiphysis accompanied by flexural contracture and external rotation of the limb distal to the antebrachial carpal joint. Conservative therapy was attempted with splints and bandages and failed to result in improvement. Surgical intervention was elected and a bilateral distal radial epiphysectomy and pancarpal arthrodesis performed. Fourteen months later the mare was turned out to pasture and ambulating well.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral distal radial epiphysectomy and pancarpal arthrodesis for correction of complex carpal deformities in an American Miniature horse

Whitfield-Cargile

Watkins

2011

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…Angular limb deformities (ALD) are common in foals and require early recognition and treatment (Greet ; Hunt ; Greet and Curtis ; Auer ; Witte and Hunt ; Garcia‐Lopez ; O'Grady ). This subject receives tremendous attention in any discussion of foal conformation and it refers to a lateral or medial deviation in axial alignment of the limbs when the animal is viewed from the frontal plane.…”

Section: Angular Limb Deformitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acquired carpal/tarsal valgus deformities can be graded from one to four according to severity ( Fig ). Mild to moderate carpal valgus will generally respond to restricted exercise and the use of a composite extension applied to the medial side of the foot while the more severe cases require surgical intervention combined with farriery (Hunt , ; Greet ; Auer ; Witte and Hunt ; Garcia‐Lopez ; O'Grady ). Various clinicians have described trimming the lateral side of the foot aggressively when there is a valgus deformity in an attempt to increase the ground surface on this side of the foot (Greet and Curtis ).…”

Section: Angular Limb Deformitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farriery for the foal: A review part 2: Therapeutic farriery

O'Grady

2019

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary The extensive nature of this topic warrants this review paper to be divided into two parts: ‘Basic trimming in foals’ and ‘Therapeutic farriery in foals’. Management of the feet and limbs during this juvenile period will often dictate the success of the foal as a sales yearling or mature sound athlete. Overall hoof care in the foal is often a joint venture between the veterinarian and the farrier. The orthopaedic disorders discussed in this paper that require input from the two professions are flexural limb deformities (FLD) and angular limb deformities (ALD). The concept of protecting the foot from the deleterious effects of mal‐loading created by many FLDs and ALDs is just as important as using the symptomatology as an instrument to correct the deformity. This paper presents a review of the current information regarding the farriery for these two limb deformities while dispelling some of the anecdotal methodology, such as the use of toe extensions to treat flexural deformities, that presently exists. Considering the deficiency of information in the literature, segments of this text will be based on the author's extensive clinical practice, comprehensive clinical records and comparisons of case outcomes.

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“…Angular limb deformities (ALDs) may be placed into two broad categories of differing aetiologies (Witte and Hunt 2009):…”

Section: Aetiology and Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of angular limb deformities in foals

Smith¹

2010

In Practice

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The sooner a foal's angular conformation is evaluated, the more easily any deformities can be treated. While severely affected foals are likely to require more complex treatment, it may be possible to avoid more radical interventions by tackling problems early on. Practitioners play a vital role in the careful assessment of such deformities to ensure that appropriate management is undertaken before the window of opportunity to make simple manipulations to a foal's angular conformation is lost. The ability to correctly distinguish angular deformities from rotational and flexural deformities is vital. This article describes an approach to the investigation and management of angular limb deformities in foals, and discusses various treatment options, ranging from conservative management to aggressive surgical intervention. Lewis Smith graduated from the Royal Veterinary College in 2006, after which he completed an internship at the Equine Medical Center of Ocala in Florida, USA. He is currently in the third year of a European College of Veterinary Surgeons residency in surgery at Rossdale and Partners in Newmarket. He holds the RCVS certificate in equine surgery (orthopaedics). Aetiology and definitions Angular limb deformities (ALDs) may be placed into two broad categories of differing aetiologies (Witte and Hunt 2009): Perinatal ALDs, which are deformities that can be ■ ■ attributed to either immaturity of the bone structure at birth or some intrinsic failure of the physis to properly develop; Acquired ALDs, which result from disruptions to ■ ■ the process of bone maturation as a foal develops into an adult. Many of the more subtle cases of angular limb deviation are related to acquired rather than perinatal deformities. An ALD is commonly defined as a deviation of the limb from a straight line that bisects the long bones of the limb when viewed from the frontal plane. Deviation towards the lateral aspect is defined as valgus, while dev iat ion towa rd s t he med ia l a spec t is def i ned a s va r us. The angular deviation may either be centred over a single joint, such as the fetlock, carpus or tarsus, or a combination of these. These deviations are distinct from sagittal plane conformational abnormalities or flexural abnormalities causing 'over-at-the-knee' and 'back-atthe-knee' conformation and rotational abnormalities, such as 'toed-out' or 'toed-in' conformation, which involve the long axis of the limb. Line drawings showing (left) straight limb conformation and an approximate deviation of 15° deviation over the fetlock (middle) and carpus (right)

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A review of angular limb deformities

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

Bilateral distal radial epiphysectomy and pancarpal arthrodesis for correction of complex carpal deformities in an American Miniature horse

Bilateral distal radial epiphysectomy and pancarpal arthrodesis for correction of complex carpal deformities in an American Miniature horse

Farriery for the foal: A review part 2: Therapeutic farriery

Treatment of angular limb deformities in foals

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