A review of analytical platforms for accurate bile acid measurement

Abstract

Bile acids are acidic steroids which help in lipid absorption, act as signaling molecules, and are key intermediate molecules between host and gut microbial metabolism. Perturbations in the circulating bile acid pool can lead to dysregulated metabolic and immunological function which often cause liver and intestinal diseases. Bile acids have chemically diverse structures and are present in broad range of biological concentrations in a wide variety of samples with complex biological matrices. Advanced analytical methods are therefore required to identify and accurately quantify individual bile acids. Though enzymatic determination of total bile acid is most popular in clinical laboratories, these methods provide limited information about individual bile acids. Advanced analytical methods such as gas chromatography-and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have now emerged as highly informative techniques which help in identification and quantification of individual bile acids in complex biological matrices. Here, we review the detection technologies currently used for bile acid identification and quantification. We further discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these analytical techniques with respect to sensitivity, specificity, robustness, and ease of use.

Analysis of bile acids in human biological samples by microcolumn separation techniques: A review

“…[12], and Dutta et al. [13]. In this review, we focus on the separation and electromigration techniques for BA analysis within the last 20 years.…”

“…The previously published reviews focused mainly on the overview of all analytical methods used in BA analysis, see for example, the reviews by Griffiths et al [11], Liu et al [12], and Dutta et al [13]. In this review, we focus on the separation and electromigration techniques for BA analysis within the last 20 years.…”

A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination

“…Nowadays, mass spectrometer is the most commonly used detector for GC [ 68 ], due to its applicability to detect various drug analytes based on their mass-to-charge ratio ( m / z ). GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is sensitive and leads to definitive identification of codeine based on its characteristic MS fragmentation patterns [ 69 ]. This system offers high sensitivity for the detection and quantification of codeine, resulting in an LOD and LOQ in ng/mL [ 70 , 71 ].…”

Development and Validation of a Highly Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for the Analysis of Bile Acids in Serum, Plasma, and Liver Tissue Samples

“…Over the last decade, several methods using different platforms, including liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based methods, have been reported for bile acid separation, detection, and quantification [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. The simultaneous analysis of bile acids in biological samples such as serum, plasma, and liver biopsies is challenging because of their structural similarities and limits of detection.…”