A review of ammonia as a compression ignition engine fuel

Dimitriou, Pavlos; Javaid, Rahat

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.209

Cited by 504 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Fuels with a low CN have a too large ignition delay and cannot be used in the CI engines [25]. Combusting ammonia in a CI engine requires a compression ratio of more than 35 to achieve the auto ignition temperature in the cylinder [11,37].…”

Section: Prime Moversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing the zero emission vessels of the future: Technologic, economic and environmental aspects

Mestemaker¹,

Heuvel²,

Castro³

2020

ISP

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One of the major challenges facing the maritime sector today is the transition to zero emission carbonneutral vessels. In particular, work vessels such as dredging vessels are required to operate worldwide and under heavy conditions. These vessels have a high power density, limited on-board space, require often a large autonomy, and therefore will need very energy dense fuels. This article presents an environmental and economic assessment of four cutter suction dredger drive system design alternatives with the life cycle performance assessment tool. This tool includes the most important environmental factors as well as the net present value. The effect of emission costs and fuel price developments may be taken into account with scenarios, and this article illustrates that they have a large effect on the economic viability of future zero emission vessels. A combination of clean fuels, new prime mover technologies, efficient design and effective system integration has the potential to achieve zero emissions while maintaining the vessels' functionality. However, technology alone cannot solve the complex challenge of energy transition in the maritime sector. In order to make zero emission designs economically viable, a system wide integration is needed, meaning cooperation in the value chain and effective policies.

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Section: Prime Moversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing the zero emission vessels of the future: Technologic, economic and environmental aspects

Mestemaker¹,

Heuvel²,

Castro³

2020

ISP

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“…Burning pure ammonia in a compression ignition engine is challenging, requiring high compression ratios to ignite the fuel (Dimitriou and Javaid, 2020). To overcome this constraint, a pilot fuel with lower ignition temperature, such as diesel, is needed to facilitate combustion.…”

Section: Ammoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common method to produce ammonia (NH3) is the Haber-Bosch process, in which pure Nitrogen (N2) obtained by air separation is combined with Hydrogen (H2) in the presence of a catalyst. Currently, 72% of the global production of ammonia uses hydrogen produced from steam methane reforming of natural gas and 22% uses coal, mostly in China (Dimitriou and Javaid, 2020). There are currently two pilot plants testing power-to-ammonia concepts in Oxfordshire (United Kingdom) and Minnesota (United States) reporting production efficiencies of 50-60% (Dimitriou and Javaid, 2020).…”

Section: Ammoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, 72% of the global production of ammonia uses hydrogen produced from steam methane reforming of natural gas and 22% uses coal, mostly in China (Dimitriou and Javaid, 2020). There are currently two pilot plants testing power-to-ammonia concepts in Oxfordshire (United Kingdom) and Minnesota (United States) reporting production efficiencies of 50-60% (Dimitriou and Javaid, 2020). Ammonia can be produced by alternative means to the Haber-Bosch process using electrochemical reactions, but these methods remain in early research stages (Royal Society, 2020).…”

Section: Ammoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Navigating Towards Cleaner Maritime Shipping

2020

International Transport Forum Policy Papers

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Launch pilot projects to gain experience with new fuels and accelerate the adoption of safety guidelines The Nordics' many pilot projects for new fuels make it a proving ground for the low-carbon shipping fuels of tomorrow. Norway in particular has played an important role in the development of international codes on the use, transport and storage of low-flashpoint fuels. .Research and additional pilot projects on promising fuels such as ammonia, liquid hydrogen and advanced biofuels, in a range of shipping segments, are important to address technical challenges associated with the use of new marine fuels. The results of current and planned pilots can accelerate their worldwide adoption, supporting the development of new or updated safety guidelines. The capacity, experience and leadership of Nordic stakeholders will be a precious resource, in this context. 19. Some projects covered more than one category.

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“…The aspirational target of Paris agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% by 2030 (UNFCC, 2015) will necessitate CI engines operating with low-polluting fuels. The dual-fuel operation of a CI engine with renewable eco-friendly fuels such as hydrogen (Dimitriou and Tsujimura, 2017) and ammonia (Dimitriou and Javaid, 2020) can contribute to significant, often higher than the target, CO 2 emission reductions. However, today around 95% of the world's hydrogen production is generated from non-renewable sources such as natural gas and coal, and only 5% is generated by water electrolysis (IRENA, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Simulation Analysis of Natural Gas-Diesel Combustion in Dual-Fuel Engines

et al. 2020

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The recent strict emission regulations and the necessity to reduce the global CO 2 levels have promoted research studies in alternative fuel combustion technologies. Dual-fuel technology is a fascinating approach as it can combine the benefits of two fuels to achieve high thermal efficiency and lower harmful emissions. Natural gas burns cleaner than other fossil fuels, and its recent low price makes it an attractive fuel as a near-term solution. The utilization of natural gas with diesel in a compression ignition engine can result in efficiency improvement and lower CO 2 emissions. However, at low engine loads, natural gas-diesel operation suffers from low combustion efficiency and high unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. The present paper collates the work of experimental and simulation studies on natural gas-diesel dual-fuel operation over three different engine setups. Two single-cylinder, with and without optical access, and a multi-cylinder engine were used to analyze the effects of different diesel injection and air-path strategies on the combustion performance, with a focus on the low-load operation zone. The results show that the injection timing, as well as intake charge dilution, can severely promote clean combustion at the low-load zone. An advanced diesel injection can enhance the dieselnatural gas homogeneity within the cylinder and improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. On the other hand, high levels of exhaust gas recirculation are mandatory to suppress the NOx formation and further enhance the engine's brake thermal efficiency.

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A review of ammonia as a compression ignition engine fuel

Cited by 504 publications

References 96 publications

Designing the zero emission vessels of the future: Technologic, economic and environmental aspects

Designing the zero emission vessels of the future: Technologic, economic and environmental aspects

Navigating Towards Cleaner Maritime Shipping

Experimental and Simulation Analysis of Natural Gas-Diesel Combustion in Dual-Fuel Engines

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