A review of advanced high performance, insensitive and thermally stable energetic materials emerging for military and space applications

Sikder, A. K.; Sikder, Nirmala

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.04.003

Cited by 717 publications

(383 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…r tot is the sum of MSEP values and r 2 þ , r 2 À are the variance of positive and negative MSEPs defined in Eq. (11). Q is the heat of detonation for CHNO explosives and defined as the heat of the reaction for the reaction in Eq.…”

Section: Molecular Properties and Micromechanics Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, it is believed that ignition by impact starts from pockets of hotspots generated from energy localization because of shear band formation. [10,11] Actually, the accurate modeling of impact sensitivity for high explosives requires an understanding of the mechanical, thermal, and chemical responses during impact and the subsequent chemical reactions.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Impact Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Theoretical evaluation of sensitivity and thermal stability for high explosives based on quantum chemistry methods: A brief review

Yan

Zeman

2012

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

111

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Over the past 20 years, a number of scientists have conducted numerous fundamental investigations based on quantum chemistry theory into various mechanistic processes that seems to contribute to the sensitivity of energetic materials. A large number of theoretical methods that have been used to predict their mechanical and spark sensitivity are summarized in this article, in which the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, together with their scope of use are clarified. In addition, the theoretical models for thermal stability of explosives are briefly introduced as a supplement. It has been concluded that the current ability to predict sensitivity is merely based on a series of empirical rules, such as simple oxygen balance, molecular properties, and the ratios of C and H to oxygen for different classes of explosive compounds. These are valid only for organic classes of explosives, though some special models have been proposed for inorganic explosives, such as azides. An exact standard for sensitivity should be established experimentally by some new techniques for both energetic compounds and their mixtures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Molecular Properties and Micromechanics Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evaluation Of Impact Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical evaluation of sensitivity and thermal stability for high explosives based on quantum chemistry methods: A brief review

Yan

Zeman

2012

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

111

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“…TEX sensitivity to the electric spark is lower in comparison with those of FOX-7 and NTO (TEX-13.1 J [2], NTO-8.98 J [3], FOX-7 4.5 J [5]). TEX is widely used in insensitive munition (IM) [6]. Several examples were found in the literature about its use in, e.g., castable high explosive compositions, pressable or extrudable explosives formulations, plastic bonded explosives (PBX) [7][8][9][10][11][12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal properties of TEX decomposition or sublimation

Gańczyk

Zygmunt

Gołofit

2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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TEX is a thermostable compound and less sensitive to external stimuli. It sublimates and decomposes at high temperature. The influence of DSC and TG measurement conditions and substance mass on the thermal decomposition of TEX was determined. It was observed that substance mass, pan type and fulfillment degree of pan influence the thermal decomposition and kinetic parameters of TEX decomposition. Sublimation of the sample was the main observed process; thermal decomposition was the secondary process during the heating of TEX in open pans. With increasing substance mass, the participation of thermal decomposition of TEX increased. Uncontrolled thermal decomposition was observed for larger mass of a sample. The sublimation and decomposition processes were confirmed by FT-IR method. Thermal decomposition was the main process observed during heating the sample of TEX in hermetic pans. Sublimation of a sample was marginal. The sublimation effect decreased with increasing the degree of fulfillment pan. The kinetic parameters were determined with the Friedman's isoconversional method. The conversion, mass of sample and the type of pan caused the large changes in the values of kinetic parameters. The apparent activation energy varied from 128 to 355 kJ mol -1 and logA varied from 9.95 to 30.64 in initial step (a = 0.02) for different condition of measurements. The low values of apparent activation energy (about 130 kJ mol -1 ) were associated with sublimation process and the high values (about 340 kJ mol -1 ) with the decomposition process.

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“…The primary reason may be the relative bond strength between C-C and C-N bonds. The bond energies for two bonds are 347.94 and 304.87 kJ·mol -1 , respectively [66][67][68][69][70][71]. Generally, for any rearrangement of the atoms, the replacement of a C-C with C-N bond should be energetically disadvantageous by 43.07 kJ·mol -1 .…”

Section: Thermal Stabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Insight into the Structure, Energetic Property and Thermal Stability of C6N6H12 Cages

Zhang¹,

Chen²,

Gong³

2017

J Phys Chem Biophys

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A review of advanced high performance, insensitive and thermally stable energetic materials emerging for military and space applications

Cited by 717 publications

References 58 publications

Theoretical evaluation of sensitivity and thermal stability for high explosives based on quantum chemistry methods: A brief review

Theoretical evaluation of sensitivity and thermal stability for high explosives based on quantum chemistry methods: A brief review

Thermal properties of TEX decomposition or sublimation

Theoretical Insight into the Structure, Energetic Property and Thermal Stability of C6N6H12 Cages

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