A review of adiponitrile industrial production processes and associated atom economies

Zhu, Yunfeng; Gao, Liang; Wen, LangYou; Zong, Baoning

doi:10.1360/n972014-01259

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…ADN is manufactured in industry by three main methods: ammoniation of adipic acid, hydrocyanation of butadiene, and cathodic hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile (AN). 1 The reaction process in the last method is so simple that it can be completed in one step and is adopted as the manufacturing method in this report. 6 The major products in the hydrodimerization of AN on a cathode are ADN, propionitrile (PN), 1,3,6-tricyanohexane (trimer), and 2-methylglutaronitrile (MGN), as proposed in Scheme 1, 7 as well as minor products such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), succinonitrile, and hydroxypropionitrile (HPN).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,10,11 In addition, acrylonitrile itself can be hydrolyzed in water to produce 3-hydroxypropionitrile (HOPN), propionitrile ether (ODPN), acrylamide (AC), and acrylic acid (ACA). 1,5 During electrolysis, oxygen evolves as the major product on the anode, while hydrogen is a minor product on the cathode. 8,12,13 The electrolyte always contains crucial quaternary ammonium salts (QAS), which are adsorbed on the surface of the cathode and affect the properties of the electric double layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adiponitrile (ADN) is an important chemical for textiles, plastics, electronic components, and automobiles . In industry, ADN is mainly hydrogenated , to produce hexamethylene diamine (HMDA), which is then polymerized with adipic acid to form nylon 66. ,, Compared with nylon 6, nylon 66 has higher strength, higher heat resistance, and lower water absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ADN is manufactured in industry by three main methods: ammoniation of adipic acid, hydrocyanation of butadiene, and cathodic hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile (AN) . The reaction process in the last method is so simple that it can be completed in one step and is adopted as the manufacturing method in this report…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrosynthesis of Adiponitrile with a Rotating Cylindrical Electrode

Huang

Yang

2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Adiponitrile (ADN) is an important chemical raw material used in the production of nylon 66 that can be synthesized from acrylonitrile (AN) through cathodic hydrodimerization. This is the first time that a rotating cylindrical electrode (RCE) has been used in the electrosynthesis of ADN. The RCE provides turbulence to promote the mass transfer of AN for ADN formation. This report studied the effects of geometric parameters, including electrode radii and length, on the selectivity, current efficiency, AN utilization, and yield. Among the selected cell geometric parameters, the cathode radius had a major effect, the electrode length had a strong effect, and the electrode spacing had a minor effect. Higher turbulence, due to a larger cathode radius, longer electrode length, and smaller electrode spacing, produced ADN more efficiently. The highest yield among the results was 0.33 g cm–2 h–1 with the highest current efficiency of 82% at a dimensionless time of 0.5 and a cathode rotation rate of 3000 rpm.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electrosynthesis of Adiponitrile with a Rotating Cylindrical Electrode

Huang

Yang

2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…BASF, Invista, Asha and Solutia are the most important global producers of nylon-6,6. Zhu et al (94) present an analysis of the speci c technical aspects, reaction mechanisms and atom e ciencies of di erent processes to produce adiponitrile with respect to nylon-6,6 production. Figure 4-2 depicts the overall process scheme of PA-6 manufacturing starting from 1,3-butadiene and hydrogen cyanide.…”

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confidence: 99%

Modelling and Comparative Assessment of Polyamide-6 Manufacturing towards a Sustainable Chemical Industry

Herps¹

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Introducti on Environmental issues such as climate change become increasingly important for our society as we face the challenges of limited natural resources and growing human population, with a growing middle class in economically emerging regions aspiring to a higher standard of living. Persisting greenhouse gas emissions seriously a ect climate change. e annual global emission of carbon dioxide (as main greenhouse gas) increased to 30-35 gigaton CO 2 by 2019. Most of it (80%) originates from the burning of fossil fuels to generate heat and electricity (1)(2). Globally, the contribution of industry is approximately 25% (1). e annual CO 2 emission in the Netherlands was 179.3 megatons in 2018. e direct contribution of industry was 36.7 megatons (21%) and energy generation (industry and public) contributes for 58.2 megatons (3). 1.1 National and international environmental policies Following the Paris Agreement (4), national policies such as the Dutch 'Energieakkoord' (5) and other national and international agreements based on the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris aim at intensive reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions will have to be net-zero between 2040 and 2060, according to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) scenarios, lest the average temperature rise will exceed the 1.5-2 °C maximum stipulated in 2015 by the Paris agreement (6). e European Union (EU), on behalf of all Member States, has hard commitments to reduce GHG emissions by at least 40% in 2030 compared to 1990. e recent Dutch government coalition agreement 2017-2021 'Trust in the Future' (5) exceeds the EU commitments: at least 49% GHG reduction in 2030 compared to 1990, which corresponds to an additional annual reduction of 25 million tons CO 2 equivalents, while at the European level today even stronger reductions are considered (55%). In the Netherlands, according to the Dutch government coalition agreement 2017-2021 (5), relatively large emission reductions (49% GHG reduction in 2030 compared to 1990) have to take place, primarily in the industrial sector, because there is a large technical saving potential. is puts the spotlight on the chemical industry and oil re neries: by far the largest GHG emitters in Dutch industry. 1.2 Consequences for the chemical industry A study by Ecofys and Berenschot for the VNCI (7) reports that, with innovation, it is indeed technically possible for the Dutch chemical industry to achieve the goal of net zero emissions by 2050. However, the speci c question is how the chemical industry Chapter 1 16 • (Re)activating natural CO 2-sinks, e.g. (re)forestation, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). (9)(15)(19) Key hurdles have been identi ed in the net-zero CO 2 routes (9): (a) the availability, accessibility, and acceptance of CO 2 storage sites (CCS); (b) the very high electricity and energy demand for the CCU route, with the associated strict requirement of very low carbon-intensity of the electricity mix; (c) the availability of land for bio...

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