A review of acute stress reactions among victims of violence:

Gore‐Felton, Cheryl; Gill, Michele Gregoire; Koopman, Cheryl; Spiegel, David A.

doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(98)00002-0

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Because women in sexually violent relationships live with their perpetrator and are thus subject to a constant threat of repeat incidents, there may be a persistent attempt to separate oneself from the situation, or to dissociate. Indeed, dissociative symptoms that often immediately follow a traumatic event can be predictive of PTSD in victims of physical assault (Elklit & Brink, 2004;Gore-Felton, Gill, Koopman, & Spiegel, 1999). The range of psychological symptoms noted for women sustaining partner sexual assault is consistent with the complex PTSD literature and suggests that intervention may need to address several different treatment goals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Differing Effects of Partner and Nonpartner Sexual Assault on Women's Mental Health

Temple

Weston²,

Rodriguez

et al. 2007

Violence Against Women

103

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This study contrasted the effects of intimate partner and nonpartner sexual assault on women's mental health among a sample (N=835) of low-income, ethnically diverse community women. Compared to sexual assault by a previous partner or by a non-intimate partner, sexual assault by a current partner was the strongest predictor of PTSD, stress, and dissociation. Non-intimate partner sexual assault was only a significant predictor of PTSD and only for African American women. These findings suggest that the victim-offender relationship is important when considering the impact of sexual assault. Specifically, sexual assault perpetrated by an intimate partner may be especially traumatic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Differing Effects of Partner and Nonpartner Sexual Assault on Women's Mental Health

Temple

Weston²,

Rodriguez

et al. 2007

Violence Against Women

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, therapies that reduce trauma symptoms, including dissociative symptoms, are likely to significantly enhance adherence to HIV medications. There is substantial evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral strategies in decreasing reactivity to stressful stimuli by increasing emotional regulation and developing adaptive coping behaviors to deal with triggers that result in PTSD or dissociative symptoms (Gore-Felton, 1999a). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma, dissociation, and antiretroviral adherence among persons living with HIV/AIDS

Keuroghlian

Kamen

Neri

et al. 2011

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Background There are approximately 1,000,000 persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLH) in the United States; to reduce rates of new infection and curb disease progression, adherence to HIV medication among PLH is critical. Despite elevated trauma rates in PLH, no studies to date have investigated the relationship between dissociation, a specific symptom of trauma, and HIV medication adherence. We hypothesized that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms would be associated with lower adherence, and that dissociation would moderate this relationship. Methods Forty-three individuals with HIV were recruited from community-based clinics to participate in a cross-sectional study. The relationship of trauma, dissociation, and their interaction to the probability of antiretroviral adherence was assessed using a hierarchical binary logistic regression analysis. Results Among 38 eligible participants, greater PTSD was associated with lower odds of adherence (OR = .92, p < .05). Dissociation moderated the effect of PTSD on adherence, resulting in lower odds of adherence (OR = .95, p < .05). PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with lower odds of adherence in individuals reporting high levels of dissociation (OR = .86, p < .05) but not in those reporting low levels of dissociation (OR = 1.02, p > .05). Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate a relationship between dissociation and medication adherence. Findings are discussed in the context of clinical management of PLH with trauma histories and the need for interventions targeting dissociative symptomatology to optimize adherence.

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“…Women are likely to have internalized these definitions, thus, victims whose perpetrators used this tactic are most likely to label what happened as rape. Based on past theoretical and empirical research, we hypothesized that the use of physical force by the perpetrator would be associated with the most extreme outcomes in terms of negative affect, physical force, resistance, injuries, perceived seriousness, attributions of responsibility to the perpetrator, and disrupted relationships (Gidycz & Koss, 1991; Gore-Felton, Gill, Koopman, & Spiegel, 1999; Koss, Bailey, Yuan, Herrera, & Lichter, 2003; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000; Ullman & Knight, 1991; Zweig, Crockett, Sayer, & Vicary, 1999). Intoxicated sexual assaults were hypothesized to differ from other types of sexual assaults primarily in terms of characteristics of the situation in which the sexual assault occurred.…”

Section: Summary Of Past Research and Overview Of The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Similarities and Differences in Women's Sexual Assault Experiences Based on Tactics Used by the Perpetrator

Abbey

Beshears

Clinton-Sherrod

et al. 2004

Psychology of Women Quarterly

109

123

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Only a few studies have examined the characteristics of sexual assault based on the tactics used by the perpetrator. In this study we compared the experiences of women who were forced to engage in vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse due to verbal coercion, physical force, or intoxication. Random-digit dialing was used to obtain a sample of 272 single African American and Caucasian women between the ages of 18 and 49 from the Detroit metropolitan area. Participants completed a computer-assisted self-interview that asked detailed questions about a past sexual assault and their reactions to it. Among the 139 women who were forced to engage in vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse, sexual assaults that involved physical force produced the most severe negative outcomes. Situations that involved the woman being too intoxicated to resist differed from others primarily in terms of how much alcohol the man and woman consumed. Although all types of sexual assault were perceived as being at least moderately serious, verbally coerced assaults were on average perceived as being least serious. These findings suggest that the perpetrators' tactics affect women's responses to sexual assault.Legal definitions of sexual assault take into account different strategies that are used by perpetrators to force sex on unwilling victims. Definitions of rape always include physical force or threats of physical force as tactics to obtain sexual intercourse (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1995; Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2001). Depending on the jurisdiction, intoxicated victims may also be considered rape victims. Some jurisdictions require that the intoxicant was administered without the victim's knowledge; however, most rape statutes focus on whether the victim was able to consent, with the underlying assumption that an unconscious or severely impaired victim cannot give consent (Gylys & McNamara, 1996; Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Antonia Abbey, Department of Community Medicine, Wayne State University, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201. aabbey@med.wayne.edu. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Kramer, 1994). For the vast majority of victims, alcohol is the cause of this type of impairment, although illicit drugs and/or drugs slipped into the woman's drink (e.g., date rape drugs) are also sometimes the cause of temporary impairment (Bowker, 1978;McGregor, Lipowska, Shah, Du Mont, & De Siato, 2003;Stermac, Du Mont, & Dunn, 1998;Testa & Livingston, 1999). Verbally coercive strategies to obtain sexual intercourse are not usually included in definitions of rape, although they are typically addressed in other sexual assault statutes (Gylys & McNamara, 1996; Michigan Penal Code, 1990).Measures of sexual assault tend to mirror these legal definitions. The Sexual Experiences Survey (SES), which was developed by Koss, Gidycz, and Wisniewski (1987), is the most frequently used measure of sexual assault in academic research. It uses behaviorally specific items that...

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A review of acute stress reactions among victims of violence:

Cited by 18 publications

References 50 publications

Differing Effects of Partner and Nonpartner Sexual Assault on Women's Mental Health

Differing Effects of Partner and Nonpartner Sexual Assault on Women's Mental Health

Trauma, dissociation, and antiretroviral adherence among persons living with HIV/AIDS

Similarities and Differences in Women's Sexual Assault Experiences Based on Tactics Used by the Perpetrator

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