A review—metastable β titanium alloy for biomedical applications

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys have already been widely used as implant materials due to their outstanding mechanical characteristics and biocompatibility. Notwithstanding this, researchers and businesses alike have continued to actively pursue superior alloys since there are still problems which need urgent consideration. One of these is a noteworthy difference in the implant material’s elastics modulus and that of natural bone, which result into an issue of stress shielding. With prolonged use Ti alloys releases dangerous ions. The Ti alloy surface has a low bioactivity, which prolongs the healing process. β-Ti alloys could be used as viable alternatives when creating dental implants. Additionally, β-Ti alloys characteristics, such as low Young modulus, increased strength, appropriate biocompatibility, and strong abrasion and corrosion resistance, serve as the necessary evidence. Ti alloys when altered structurally, chemically, and by thermomechanical treatment thereby enabling the creation of material which can match the requirements of a various clinical practise scenarios. Additional research is needed which can focused on identifying next century Ti alloys consisting of some more compatible phase and transforming the Ti alloys surface from intrinsically bioinert to bioactive to prevent different issues. In order to give scientific support for adopting β-Ti-based alloys as an alternative to cpTi, this paper evaluates the information currently available on the chemical, mechanical, biological, and electrochemical properties of key β-titanium alloys designed from the past few years. This article is also focusing on β-titanium alloy, its properties and performance over other type of titanium alloy such as α titanium alloys. However, in-vivo research is needed to evaluate novel β titanium alloys to support their use as cpTi alternatives.

Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Microstructure, Density, Microhardness, and Elastic Modulus of the New β Ti-50Nb-xMo Alloys for Biomedical Applications

“…The results of X-ray diffraction measurements for Ti-50Nb-xMo system samples are shown in Figure 6 . It can be observed that the diffractograms presented characteristic peaks of a cubic structure of the centered body, which is typical of the β phase of this alloy [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

“…Currently, in producing new titanium alloys, the scientific community seeks to produce β-type alloys, as these materials tend to have a lower elastic modulus value than α-type alloys [ 28 ], which would increase the useful life of a biomedical implant, avoiding the failure effect known as “stress shielding.” Furthermore, α-type alloys have a higher atomic packing factor (compact hexagonal structure) than β-type alloys, which can result in a high hardness value due to the reduction in atomic interstices, making handling difficult for the forging parts, such as screws and plates orthopedic.…”

The effects of oxygen addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-Mo alloys for biomedical application

“…Titanium alloys, such as Ti-6Al-4V ELI, Ti-13Nb-13Zr, and Ti-15Mo (in mass%), have been used as biomedical materials due to their proper mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance, and high biocompatibility with non-magnetic ( Kaur and Singh, 2019 ; Sarraf et al, 2022 ; Marin and Lanzutti, 2023 ; Pesode and Barve, 2023 ). Although titanium alloys are widely used in biomedical fields, they are expensive for refining, processing, and improving mechanical properties.…”

Effect of the Si Content on the Dry and Wet Sliding Wear Behavior of the Developed Ti-15Mo-(0-2) Si Alloys for Biomedical Applications

“…In addition to biocompatibility and reaching the β-phase alloy for the new design of titanium-based alloys, it is important to keep in mind that pure Ti has a low wear resistance, which limits its usage in implants that come into contact with their own or neighboring bone. In fact, the wear behavior of Ti-based alloys is considered to be a crucial factor in their suitability for biomedical applications [26,27]. This is due to the fact that the generation of wear debris during the movement of artificial joints significantly contributes to the occurrence of aseptic loosening (mechanical loss results in the failure of the fixation of a prosthetic alloy component in the absence of infection) [28,29].…”