A Review for Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone and Extramedullary Plasmacytoma

Abstract

<jats:p>Solitary plasmacytoma (SP) is characterized by a mass of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells in either bone (SBP) or soft tissue without evidence of systemic disease attributing to myeloma. Biopsy confirmation of a monoclonal plasma cell infiltration from a single site is required for diagnosis. The common presentation of SBP is in the axial skeleton, whereas the extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is usually seen in the head and neck. The ratio of SP seen at males to females is 2 : 1 and the median age of patients is 55 years. The incidence rate of SP in black race is approximately 30% higher than the white race. Incidence rate increases exponentially by advancing age. SBP has a significant higher risk for progression to myeloma, and the choice of treatment is radiotherapy (RT) that is applied with curative intent at min. 4000 cGy. By only RT application, long-term disease-free survival (DFS) is possible for approximately 30% of patients with SBP and 65% of patients with EMP.</jats:p>

Solitary Extramedullary Plasmacytoma in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature

“…11 EMP has a better prognosis than other lymphoproliferative diseases, with a 10-year overall survival rate of 70%; when surgical treatment is performed along with RT, the reported median overall survival is 7-9 years. 5,12 Close follow up of patients with EMP is important because 10-20% of patients progress to multiple myeloma. 7 Our first patient underwent surgical resection and has been followed-up for three years without recurrence.…”

Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the Paranasal Sinuses: Combining Surgery with External Radiotherapy

“…Although the risk of development into MM is increased within 2 years following diagnosis, it has been demonstrated to occur even after 15 years of disease free period [1,3,22], suggesting the need for a long-term follow-up. Although some authors consider that plasmacytoma converted into MM has better prognosis than classic MM [23] our patient died from the disease after 4 months despite intensive treatment. So far no tumor related factors that can predict the progression towards MM have been identified, nor hasn't prophylactic chemotherapy proven to be effective [19,21,23].…”

“…In a recent review on EMPs, Kilciksiz et al [23] reported 5-and 10-year overall survival rates of 71 and 69 %, and a 10-year local control rate between 73 and 100 %. Subsequent to endoscopic excision followed by a 40 Gy irradiation regimen (in accordance with current recommendations), we achieved a 5-year OS of 65 %.…”

“…Both cases involved EMP of the maxillary sinus, suggesting the need for a different surgical approach or higher RT doses for better local control. It has been suggested that tumors within the sphenoid or maxillary sinus are associated with a worse prognosis [23].…”

An Unusual Case of Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of the Hypopharynx Detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT

“…EMP is a rare plasma cell tumor. The majority (80 %) of the EMPs occur in the head and neck, especially in the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses [1]. On initial presentation, these tumors must be differentiated from multiple myeloma (MM).…”