A Review Article: Electrokinetic Bioremediation Current Knowledge and New Prospects

Abstract

This study discusses factors affecting various processes involved in bioremediation coupled with electrokinetics. The study presents innovative solutions, and proposes new directions. Environmental conditions that have an influence on the characteristics, behavior, and metabolism of indigenous microorganisms are presented. The discussion focuses on overcoming the unfavorable conditions created by electrolysis reactions, prolongation the survival of the microbes at contaminated sites, increase of microbial enzyme secretion, improvement of the indigenous bacteria metabolic pathways, and exploration of metagenomics resources from soil biota. The challenge facing the implementation of conventional bioremediation techniques in precisely and effectively delivering nutrients to indigenous bacteria, particularly in soils with tortuous paths and low hydraulic conductivity is discussed. Current knowledge in application of enhanced biostimulation using electrokinetics is reviewed. The implementation of bioaugmentation in bioremediation coupled with electrokinetics to enhance the outcome of bioremediation is presented. Effects of phenomena associated with electrokinetics in the hybrid remediation approach are discussed.

Enhancement of Bioremediation and Phytoremediation Using Electrokinetics

“…In the following sections, each of the above-mentioned categories will be discussed. Conceptual model (after [43]).…”

Sustainable Options for Mitigation of Major Toxicants Originating from Electronic Waste

“…This involves development of low electric potential across two electrodes placed in the contaminated system. Application of electric potential induces transport of particles, ionic species and interstitial water towards the electrodes of the respective affinity 42,43 . Then application of extraneous microbes or bioremediation using native microbes is performed.…”

[Preprint] An overview of electrokinetic soil flushing and its effect on bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil

“…These reactions play an important role in removing contaminants from soil particles and bringing them close to electrode chambers Gill et al, 2014;Hassan et al, 2016a). The positive ions and negative charge of soil particle around soil pore are then affixed to clay surface causing the emergence of diffuse double layer (DDL) in surface of soil particles.…”

“…While the surface charge, electrolyte properties and viscosity strongly related to electrokinetic soil flushing as single technology (Fan et al, 2015;Gill et al, 2014;Hassan et al, 2016a). The parameters that would be described below are major factors in EKSF-Bio and has recently undergone a fairly rapid development.…”

“…The positive ions and negative charge of soil particle around soil pore are then affixed to clay surface causing the emergence of diffuse double layer (DDL) in surface of soil particles. This mechanism is very important in EKSF-Bio as it relates to the transportation and removal of contaminants from soil particles (Asgari et al, 2013;Cameselle, 2015;Hassan et al, 2016a) In EKSF-Bio, there are two kinds of hydrocarbon degradation processes that occur, namely electrokinetic transformation (electro-oxidation) and biodegradation/biotransformation. After passing soil pore through electro-transportation process, the contaminants that still attached to soil particle are transformed by oxidation -reduction mechanism in which the clay surface acts as a micro electrode (Hassan et al, 2016b;Yuan et al, 2013).…”