The formulation to account for effects of propeller angle of attack on acoustic radiation by propellers is presented. A propeller operating at an angle of attack presents a nonuniform in ow situation that is known to have a pronounced in uence on noise. Noise predictions, based on this new formulation, are compared with measured wind-tunnel data. Predictions for observers xed in the propeller plane are also included to assess the in uence of shaft angle of attack.
Nomenclaturec 0 = ambient speed of sound f = function de ning blade surface l = local force per unit area of blade acting on uid l r = component of loading vector in direction of radiation vector, l i r i M = source Mach number M r = component of source Mach vector in direction of radiation vector, M i ri n = blade surface normal vector p = acoustic pressure p L = acoustic pressure produced by loading p T = acoustic pressure produced by thickness r = distance from source point at emission time to observer r = unit vector in direction r S = surface area t = time the noise signal is received by observer VF = forward velocity of aircraft v = source velocity vector v n = source velocity component in direction of blade normal, v i n i x = observer position in ground xed frame y = source position in ground xed frame a = angle of attack of propeller shaft h = source position in blade xed frame t = time at which noise signal is emitted at source position c = angle between x 1 and h 1 axes, Vt V = angular velocity of blade