A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Association Between Calcium Serum Level and Hypertension in Older Adults

Abstract

Introduction: One of the major global risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and death is hypertension. Earlier research has been conducted on the connection between calcium consumption and blood pressure. Objective: This study aims to investigate the association between calcium serum levels and hypertension in older hypertensive adults. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 121 of hypertension patients was conducted in Prince Faisal Bin Khalid Cardiac Center. The data of all patients were collected by records, including lab, pathology, and medical review, in order to determine the effects on patients, providers, and institutions. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 26.0. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study included 121 adult hypertensive patients with a mean of age 60.29 ± 13.92. The majority of included patients were male (81%). More than one-third of patients were obese (39.7%), about one-third (33.9%) were overweight, and 26.4% of patients were in normal weight. The majority of patients had co-morbidities (68.3%); about one-half of them had diabetes mellitus (52.1%). The calcium level mean was 5.07 ± 1.26. The creatine kinase (CK) (initial day) mean ± SD was 813.22 ± 1146.37 became 221.4 ± 330.67 on the last day. The CK-myocardial band (CK-MB) (initial day) was 65.43 ± 118.9 and became 24.38 ± 23.26 on the last day. Additionally, the troponin (initial day) mean was 23.49 ± 104.26 and became 1.65 ± 2.66 on the last day. The most common discharge medications were anti-platelets (95%), beta-blockers (78.5%), statins (70.2%), and proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) (64.5%). The hospital stay days ranged from 1 to 20 days with a mean of 4.83 ± 3.38. The ICU stay days ranged from 1 to 15 days with a mean of 3.57 ± 2.72. Most of the patients (90.9%) improved. Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between calcium levels in hypertensive patients and the demographic characteristics of patients, home or current medications, ECHO findings, or procedures done. However, there is a significant correlation between the calcium level and CK level among patients with hypertension. Further investigations are required to verify the relationship between CK and calcium levels in hypertensive patients.