A retrospective analysis of contamination and periphyton PICT patterns for the antifoulant irgarol 1051, around a small marina on the Swedish west coast

Blanck, Hans; Eriksson, K. Martin; Grönvall, Frederick; Dahl, Björn; Guijarro, Karell Martínez; Birgersson, Göran; Kylin, Henrik

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.09.021

Cited by 40 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The different outcomes in terms of PICT induction between this study and that of Dahl and Blanck (20) are probably due to the environmental contamination of Irgarol between the years 1994 and 2001. This is further supported by the study of Blanck et al (11) which shows that PICT to Irgarol has slowly developed in environmental periphyton communities in this area between 1994 and 2004. The spatial and temporal PICT pattern reported in that study also shows that community tolerance in waters near the microcosm inlet is relatively high during midsummer, when this study was performed.…”

Section: Vol 75 2009 Irgarol Tolerance and Psba Genes In Periphytonsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…This value is five times higher than the EC 50 value detected in the background exposure microcosm (16 nM). However, here it is also important to note that the community tolerance level in the background community is relatively high compared to that in sensitive periphyton communities (3 to 4 nM) sampled in a less contaminated area nearby in the same year (11). The PICT signal was accompanied by TIS in the form of clear shifts in the distribution of morphologically distinct taxa (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Community-Level Analysis of psbA Gene Sequences and Irgarol Tolerance in Marine Periphyton

Eriksson

Clarke

Franzén

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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This study analyzes psbA gene sequences, predicted D1 protein sequences, species relative abundance, and pollution-induced community tolerance in marine periphyton communities exposed to the antifouling compound Irgarol 1051. The mechanism of action of Irgarol is the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport at photosystem II by binding to the D1 protein. The metagenome of the communities was used to produce clone libraries containing fragments of the psbA gene encoding the D1 protein. Community tolerance was quantified with a short-term test for the inhibition of photosynthesis. The communities were established in a continuous flow of natural seawater through microcosms with or without added Irgarol. The selection pressure from Irgarol resulted in an altered species composition and an inducted community tolerance to Irgarol. Moreover, there was a very high diversity in the psbA gene sequences in the periphyton, and the composition of psbA and D1 fragments within the communities was dramatically altered by increased Irgarol exposure. Even though tolerance to this type of compound in land plants often depends on a single amino acid substitution (Ser 264 3Gly) in the D1 protein, this was not the case for marine periphyton species. Instead, the tolerance mechanism likely involves increased degradation of D1. When we compared sequences from low and high Irgarol exposure, differences in nonconserved amino acids were found only in the so-called PEST region of D1, which is involved in regulating its degradation. Our results suggest that environmental contamination with Irgarol has led to selection for high-turnover D1 proteins in marine periphyton communities at the west coast of Sweden.Development of tolerance, or resistance, to anthropogenic toxicants released into the environment is an issue of increasing importance. Reports of tolerant organisms are increasing, and tolerance toward a variety of compounds has been found (22,44,46,100). This is essentially evolution in action and shows that toxicants can act as selective pressures in the environment. Even though high concentrations of toxicants can be released in episodes or pulses, the overall environmental concentrations of toxicants are often quite low, which implies that adaptation and nonlethal selection are more common than acute and/or lethal effects.Since sensitivities to a given toxicant differ within species and even more so between species (12), a toxicant-induced succession (TIS) will occur in toxicant-exposed communities, where sensitive species, individuals, or genotypes are replaced by more tolerant ones, giving an increase in average tolerance in the community. This chain of events is fundamental for the pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) concept (14). PICT studies can be performed in natural or model ecosystems and have the important advantage of a causal link between exposure and effect. The concept has been used to demonstrate long-term selection pressure from toxicants on several types of communities, as reviewed by Blanck (10) and...

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Section: Vol 75 2009 Irgarol Tolerance and Psba Genes In Periphytonsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Community-Level Analysis of psbA Gene Sequences and Irgarol Tolerance in Marine Periphyton

Eriksson

Clarke

Franzén

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Besides impact assessment, PICT can also be applied to study recovery trajectories and community resilience in aquatic environments (Blanck et al, 2009;Dorigo et al, 2010;Rotter et al, 2011). The Water Framework Directive aimed to progressively reduce the level of pollution for 43 priority pollutants that could threaten human health or ecosystems (WFD, 2000/60/EC).…”

Section: Pict Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution‐induced community tolerance (PICT): towards an ecologically relevant risk assessment of chemicals in aquatic systems

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY1. A major challenge in environmental risk assessment of pollutants is establishing a causal relationship between field exposure and community effects that integrates both structural and functional complexity within ecosystems. 2. Pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) is a concept that evaluates whether pollutants have exerted a selection pressure on natural communities. PICT detects whether a pollutant has eliminated sensitive species from a community and thereby increased its tolerance. PICT has the potential to link assessments of the ecological and chemical status of ecosystems by providing causal analysis for effect-based monitoring of impacted field sites. 3. Using PICT measurements and microbial community endpoints in environmental assessment schemes could give more ecological relevance to the tools that are now used in environmental risk assessment. Here, we propose practical guidance and a list of research issues that should be further considered to apply the PICT concept in the field.

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“…As co-tolerance means that a community exposed to a given toxic agent becomes tolerant to another one, proper identification of the exact selection pressure might become more difficult when it occurs (Blanck et al 1988(Blanck et al , 2009). Application of the same methodology to natural in situ samples exposed to complex multi-metallic contaminations that are typical of urban areas is thus likely to lead to complicated tolerance patterns.…”

Section: Community Descriptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low exposure levels of urban metals induce heterotrophic community tolerance: a microcosm validation

2011

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The biological response of periphyton chronically exposed to metals of urban origin (Cd, Ni and Zn) was investigated with a Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance (PICT) approach using a previously developed short-term toxicity test based on β-glucosidase (heterotrophic) activity. Periphyton was grown on plastic membranes immersed in indoor aquaria contaminated with metals at realistic contamination levels (0.3, 3 μg/l for Cd, 5, 50 μg/l for Ni, 20, 200 μg/l for Zn). After 3 weeks of exposure, biofilms' parameters (dry-weight, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic activity) were analyzed and tolerance acquisition of the heterotrophic communities was assessed using the toxicity test. Modifications of bacterial and eukaryotic community structure were assessed with Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA). Effects of metal exposure were observed on biofilms parameters in the Cd and Zn experiments. Tolerance levels increased for both Cd-exposed biofilms, and for the high metal treatment biofilms in the Ni and Zn experiments. Analysis of the ARISA profiles showed that metal exposure affected the structure of both bacterial and eukaryotic communities. Moreover, Cd tolerance of the Zn-exposed heterotrophic communities was evaluated, which showed that the Zn-tolerant community (high metal treatment in the Zn experiment) also became tolerant to Cd (co-tolerance). The study shows that tolerance acquisition can be detected after exposure to environmental metal concentrations using β-glucosidase activity as an endpoint in short-term toxicity tests.

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A retrospective analysis of contamination and periphyton PICT patterns for the antifoulant irgarol 1051, around a small marina on the Swedish west coast

Cited by 40 publications

References 48 publications

Community-Level Analysis of psbA Gene Sequences and Irgarol Tolerance in Marine Periphyton

Community-Level Analysis of psbA Gene Sequences and Irgarol Tolerance in Marine Periphyton

Pollution‐induced community tolerance (PICT): towards an ecologically relevant risk assessment of chemicals in aquatic systems

Low exposure levels of urban metals induce heterotrophic community tolerance: a microcosm validation

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