A Restaurant‐Associated Outbreak of Brainerd Diarrhea in California

Vugia, Duc J.; Abbott, Sharon L.; Mintz, Eric D.; Richmond, Jennifer; Meshulam, Sheldon; Stokes, Kusum; Lindsay, Ann; Tsang, Thomas

doi:10.1086/504808

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Genome data of IHIT7853 revealed high relatedness of the cat strain to human clinical strains providing evidence for a possible transmission of these bacteria between humans and animals. Based on knowledge from human patients it should be considered that the gastrointestinal tract of animals might serve as a source of MDR A. baumannii probably leading to infections at other sites [ 2 , 3 ]. Future studies should unveil epidemiologic links between human and animal strains and track the genome dynamics in MDR A. baumannii from different hosts as well as from colonization and infection sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of particular concern in hospital settings is the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and particularly of carbapenem-resistant strains, which have increased markedly in recent years [ 1 ]. The intestinal microbiota forms a major reservoir of A. baumannii and various infections, including bacteraemia, cystitis and wound infections can occur once the bacteria translocate across the intestinal barrier or reach the patient’s skin as a consequence of faecal shedding [ 2 , 3 ]. The finding of identical strains in the blood and gastrointestinal tract of patients with A. baumannii bloodstream infections strengthens the role of the gut as an important source of the pathogen [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome sequence of OXA-23 producing Acinetobacter baumannii IHIT7853, a carbapenem-resistant strain from a cat belonging to international clone IC1

et al. 2016

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BackgroundMultidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii has dramatically increased in recent years worldwide. Thus, last-line antibiotics like carbapenems are increasingly being used which in turn further augments selection pressure for resistant strains. Resistance to carbapenems in A. baumannii is frequently mediated by carbapenemases, particularly OXA-23 and OXA-58. Carbapenemase-producing bacteria are mainly described in human patients and the intestinal tract represents a common source for such pathogens. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of A. baumannii IHIT7853, a carbapenem-resistant, OXA-23 producing strain isolated from cystitis in a cat in 2000 in Germany.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis revealed that IHIT7853 belonged to the globally distributed international clone IC1 and MLST type ST1/ST231 (Pasteur/Oxford MLST scheme). A phylogenetic tree based on the maximum common genome of 18 A. baumannii isolates placed IHIT7853 close to human clinical isolates, such as the multidrug-resistant (MDR) outbreak strain AYE that was isolated from a patient with pneumonia and cystitis in 2001 in France. The OXA-23 plasmid sequence could be determined as 53,995 bp in size, possessing resistance genes strA and strB in addition to blaOXA-23.ConclusionsThe analysis of the genome of IHIT7853 reveals that companion animals carry MDR A. baumannii that resemble relevant clonal lineages involved in severe infections in humans. As urinary tract infections are often caused by bacteria that reside in the intestinal tract, future studies should unveil, if the animal gut serves as a source for MDR A. baumannii.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequence of OXA-23 producing Acinetobacter baumannii IHIT7853, a carbapenem-resistant strain from a cat belonging to international clone IC1

et al. 2016

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“…In the clinical setting, studies have also suggested that MICs to FQs in E. coli are typically higher in organisms with a greater number of resistance mutations (e.g., in target enzymes or genes mediating efflux) (Komp Lindgren et al, 2003; Lautenbach et al, 2006a; Morgan-Linnell et al, 2009; Moon et al, 2010). However, these studies have focused on isolates derived from clinical infections, whereas FQ resistance likely arises at the level of gastrointestinal tract colonization (Richard et al, 2001; Donskey, 2006). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal changes in resistance mechanisms in colonizing Escherichia coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones

Han

Nachamkin

Tolomeo

et al. 2013

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease

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The objective of this study was to characterize the temporal variability of fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms among Escherichia coli colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of hospitalized patients. Patients with new fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli (FQREC) colonization were followed with serial fecal sampling until discharge or death. Genetic mechanism(s) of resistance for all FQREC isolates were characterized, including mutations in gyrA and parC and efflux pump overexpression. Of 451 subjects, 73 (16.2%) became newly colonized with FQREC. There was significant variability in regard to temporal changes in resistance mechanisms and levofloxacin MICs among isolates from individual patients. Compared to patients with transient colonization, patients with persistent colonization were more likely to have a urinary catheter (P=0.04), diarrhea (P=0.04), and a longer duration of hospitalization (22 and 9.0 mean days, respectively; P=0.01) prior to sampling. Our data demonstrate the significant variability of resistance mechanisms in colonizing E. coli isolates among hospitalized patients.

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“…The outbreak in California included 23 patients who had a significant association with ice consumption from a restaurant. The restaurant used chlorinated tap water and no pipe repairs were done as well[10]. The other outbreak that took place in Red River Valley of Texas included 114 patients showing symptoms of Brainerd Diarrhea.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Brainerd Diarrhea and Zebra Mussel Infestations

Dolapihilla¹,

Elapatha²,

Grimm³

2021

JBM

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Brainerd Diarrhea is a syndrome of acute onset of watery, non-bloody diarrhea that lasts for a duration of 4 weeks or more. The index case of Brainerd Diarrhea was recorded in 1983, in the first such outbreak in Brainerd, Minnesota.In 1989, a prohibited invasive species named Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were found in the great lakes of the United States. The 7 recorded outbreaks of Brainerd diarrhea were correlated with the location and time of zebra mussel infestations. The first outbreak that occurred due to consumption of raw milk took place in Minnesota which is near the waters infested by zebra mussels. All other outbreaks were related to consumption of contaminated unchlorinated water occurred in regions not directly close to the infested rivers. However, since infestations are thought to occur due to human activity, undocumented infestations faraway are still possible. Evidence shows minor correlations between Brainerd Diarrhea outbreaks and Zebra Mussel infestations. However, none of the facts are strong enough to establish or deny a significant correlation or causation. Further cohort studies and research need to be done on the recent discoveries of Zebra Mussel infestations and new Brainerd diarrhea outbreaks. The primary search engine used to gather information for this review was ScienceDirect and PubMed. More than 35 articles and case reports were reviewed and only 20 were shortlisted and used as references. None of the studies included were restricted to study design, but studies with less than 10 participants/patients were excluded from the review.

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A Restaurant‐Associated Outbreak of Brainerd Diarrhea in California

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Genome sequence of OXA-23 producing Acinetobacter baumannii IHIT7853, a carbapenem-resistant strain from a cat belonging to international clone IC1

Genome sequence of OXA-23 producing Acinetobacter baumannii IHIT7853, a carbapenem-resistant strain from a cat belonging to international clone IC1

Temporal changes in resistance mechanisms in colonizing Escherichia coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones

Association between Brainerd Diarrhea and Zebra Mussel Infestations

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