A Resistance Determinant to Nucleic Acid-Binding Compounds in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Emslie, Kerry R.; Townsend, David E.; Grubb, W.B.

doi:10.1099/00222615-20-2-139

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…However, detection of resistance to propamidine isethionate in 11.2% of the isolates was significant. Propamidine isethionate and quaternary ammonium compounds are components of household disinfectants and antiseptics [36,371, and resistance to propamidine isethionate is usually linked to resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds [36,37]. Therefore their resistance may diminish the usefulness of antiseptics containing them as hand-washing agents for removing enterotoxigenic staphylococci from the hands and preventing their cross-contamination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterotoxin production by coagulase-negative staphylococci in restaurant workers from Kuwait City may be a potential cause of food poisoning

Udo

Al-Bustan

Jacob

et al. 1999

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated from the hands of food handlers in 50 restaurants in Kuwait City and studied for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, slime and resistance to antimicrobial agents. One or a combination of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B or C were produced by 6% of the isolates, with the majority producing enterotoxin B. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 was detected in c. 7% of the isolates; 47% produced slime. In all, 21% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and 11.2% were resistant to propamidine isethionate and mercuric chloride. There was no correlation between slime and toxin production or between slime production and antibiotic resistance. The detection of enterotoxigenic CNS on food handlers suggests that such strains may contribute to food poisoning if food is contaminated by them and held in conditions that allow their growth and elaboration of the enterotoxins. It is recommended that enterotoxigenic CNS should not be ignored when investigating suspected cases of staphylococcal food poisoning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterotoxin production by coagulase-negative staphylococci in restaurant workers from Kuwait City may be a potential cause of food poisoning

Udo

Al-Bustan

Jacob

et al. 1999

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Particular EMRSA isolates from the southeast of England (in this report they are termed EMRSA) and Australia (7,21) appear to be very similar if not identical and possess plasmids with genes coding for resistance to gentamicin, propamidine isethionate, and nucleic-acid binding (NAB) compounds (e.g., ethidium bromide) and, hence, are often termed GNAB plasmids (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In addition, three fresh EMRSA isolates from two different outbreaks were examined. They were isolated from two patients who had each received at least 10 days of chlorhexidine therapy. One was an isolate from the throat of a patient receiving chlorhexidine gargles, and the other two were from the perineum and urine of another patient receiving chlorhexidine as an antiseptic and bladder washout.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, the inoculum used was an overnight broth culture diluted so that approximately 104 or 106 CFU could be applied with a multipoint inoculator; the inocula were checked with a laser colony counter (Spiral System Instruments, Bethesda, Md.). Plates were incubated at 37°C and examined at 24 and 48 h (30°C for methicillin); the lowest concentration that produced 10 or fewer CFU was read as the MIC.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Chlorhexidine resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or just an elevated MIC? An in vitro and in vivo assessment

Cookson

Bolton

Platt

1991

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Chlorhexidine (Hibiscrub; ICI) is generally accepted to be effective as an antiseptic hand wash for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), but there is dispute whether. the chlorhexidine MIC for methicillin-resistant S. zaureus (MRSA) strains is higher than that for MSSA strains and, indeed, whether it is relevant. In addition, the link between resistances to chlorhexidine, gentamicin, and "nucleic acid-binding" compounds (NAB; which code, in particular, for propamidine 'sethionate and ethidium bromide) requires clarification. We performed chlorhexidine MIC and rate of kill tests on a number of MSSA and MRSA isolates. Two gentamicin-resistant MRSA isolates without NAB plasmids were more susceptible (0.25 and 0.5 ,ug/ml) than four of eight MSSA that we tested (range, 0.25 to 2 ,ug/ml). Chlorhelidine MICs were higher (4 to 8 ,ug/ml) for seven distinct MRSA isolates with plasmids conveying resistance to gentamicin and NAB (GNAB). Curing of the GNAB plasmid from MRSA strains resulted in a fall in the MIC (1 to 3.3 ,ug/ml), but no consistent fall in killing by chlorhexidine was observed. No effect on the chlorhexidine MIC or killing was observed when we cured strains of methicillin resistance. GNAB plasmid transfer resulted in a rise in the chlorhexidine MIC for the strains but no consistent fall in killing by chlorhexidine. Ethical approval was granted for 10 volunteers to each have a methicillin-susceptible, GNAB-resistant, derived transcipient and its GNAB-susceptible isogenic parent applied to separate sites in an in vivo skin test; no significant difference was seen in survival rates after the application of chlorhexidine. These results suggest that chlorhexidine appears to be as effective as a hand-washing agent for MRSA isolates with or without NAB plasmids as it is for MSSA isolates.Nosocomial infection with mnethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major problem worldwide, and certain MRSA strains-may possess an epidemic potential (EMRSA), although it is unclear what factors are involved (7). Particular EMRSA isolates from the southeast of England (in this report they are termed EMRSA) and Australia (7, 21) appear to be very similar if not identical and possess plasmids with genes coding for resistance to gentamicin, propamidine isethionate, and nucleic-acid binding (NAB) compounds (e.g., ethidium bromide) and, hence, are often termed GNAB plasmids (10).Guidelines (3) published previously to control MRSA have recommended the use of antiseptics to reduce the MRSA load on superficial colonized sites. Chlorhexidine, in particular, has become a controversial choice because of reports of elevated MICs for MRSA strains compared with those for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains. Brumfitt et al. (5)

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“…The 'Australian' plasmids obviously acquired the gentamicin-resistance determinant on a transposon Townsend et al 1984). Only strains from outbreak B harbour a ,5-lactamase plasmid which carries also determinants for resistance to heavy metal ions and to ethidium bromide-quaternary ammonium ions; plasmids of the same molecular mass and determining the same resistance phenotypes are known from Australian strains (Emslie, Townsend & Grubb, 1985). The small plasmids found in the MRSA of this study determine resistance to chloramphenicol, to oxytetracycline and to macrolides.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Multiply- and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusstrains isolated in the German Democratic Republic in 1985 and 1986

Witte

Braulke

1987

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYMultiply- and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strains have been isolated from five small outbreaks of nosocomial infection in five different hospitals. The MRSA were typed by phage patterns, biochemical traits, resistance phenotypes and plasmid patterns. Three different groups of strains can be distinguished. The MRSA from three outbreaks in one country share identical characters.Phage typing by the use of the International Basic Set for Phage Typing staphylococci as well as experimental phages does not completely discriminate between the strains. Attribution of several resistance determinants to plasmids in two of the described strain groups proved valuable for strain differentiation.These multiply-resistant strains are sensitive to vancomycin and to rifampicin.

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A Resistance Determinant to Nucleic Acid-Binding Compounds in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Enterotoxin production by coagulase-negative staphylococci in restaurant workers from Kuwait City may be a potential cause of food poisoning

Enterotoxin production by coagulase-negative staphylococci in restaurant workers from Kuwait City may be a potential cause of food poisoning

Chlorhexidine resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or just an elevated MIC? An in vitro and in vivo assessment

Multiply- and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusstrains isolated in the German Democratic Republic in 1985 and 1986

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