A reservoir-type oxygen sensor with 2 × 3 array for measuring cellular respiration levels

A low temperature co-fired ceramic based microfluidic Clark-type oxygen sensor for real-time oxygen sensing

“…The average residual currents for oxygen depleted solution measured in oxygen depleted solution were 3.4%, 1.0%, 1.0% and 2.0% of the current measured in oxygen saturated solution for flow rate 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 ml/min respectively. The residual currents measured in this experiment were comparable to that of the Wu et al' works [31], Park's report [17,32] and Suzuki's studies [33][34][35]. The reduction currents in DPBS were also measured to verify the calibration curve, and the data were also fitted well into the calibration curve under different flow rates.…”

“…Fluorescent oxygen sensing (such as the XF Extracellular Flux commercialized by Seahourse Biosciences [14]), has seen widespread adoption due to its inherent stability [15,16]. However, the applications of this technique are limited by the complicated fabrication and expensive lifetimesensing apparatus [14,17,18]. Electrochemical sensors are widely used and available in a number of styles from various manufacturers [17,19].…”

“…However, the applications of this technique are limited by the complicated fabrication and expensive lifetimesensing apparatus [14,17,18]. Electrochemical sensors are widely used and available in a number of styles from various manufacturers [17,19]. The most common embodiment of the electrochemical sensor is the Clark-type configuration, incorporating a cathode, anode, electrolyte solution and a gas permeable membrane.…”

“…For example, the consumption of dissolved oxygen at the working electrode may change the local oxygen concentration. In order to address these limitations, mechanical agitation or circulation of the testing sample may be required [2,17]. In addition, the thin gas permeable membrane, separating the liquid electrolyte from the specimen, is susceptible to mechanical failure.…”

Oxidative stress in severe pulmonary trauma in critical ill patients. Antioxidant therapy in patients with multiple trauma — a review

“…Such mechanisms that can generate free radicals inside the body are represented by: the activation of neutrophils, the electron transport chain at the mitochondrial level, arachidonic acid metabolism, oxide-reduction of xanthine [28] or nitric oxide synthesis [27,[29][30][31]. The respiratory chain [32][33][34] has a key role at the cellular level, being responsible for the conversion of oxygen in water molecules. At the neutrophils' level, the major source of oxygen is the enzymatic complex NAD(P) H oxidase.…”