A research center for augmenting human intellect

Engelbart, Douglas C.; English, W. K.

doi:10.1145/1476589.1476645

Cited by 359 publications

(162 citation statements)

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“…The notion of 'computational artifact' was originally introduced by Lucy Suchman 3 in 1985 in a PhD-dissertation based on empirical studies at Xerox PARC and published as a technical report by Xerox PARC [37, pp. [iii], [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. 4 The notion of 'computational artifact' occupies an important place in the foundations of HCI, CSCW, and related fields of computing technology research, not because it is widely used, far from it, but because it figured prominently in the incontestably most influential attempt to formulate a conceptual foundation for this kind of research, namely, Lucy Suchman's Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication.…”

Section: The Notion Of 'Computational Artifact' In Suchmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It received important further developments in the following years, with the early development of Computer-Aided Design at MIT [25; 42] and with the NLS ('oN-Line System') created in the 1960s at Douglas Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI International [11]. But the step that was decisive for establishing the paradigm was taken at Xerox PARC in the development in 1972-73 of an experimental computer 'workstation' with a 'graphical user interface', dubbed Xerox Alto [19; 43].…”

Section: The Notion Of 'Computational Artifact' In Suchmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Computational Artifacts: Interactive and Collaborative Computing as an Integral Feature of Work Practice

Schmidt

Bansler

2016

COOP 2016: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Design of Cooperative Systems, 23-27 May 2016, Trento, Italy

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Abstract. The key concern of CSCW research is that of understanding computing technologies in the social context of their use, that is, as integral features of our practices and our lives, and to think of their design and implementation under that perspective. However, the question of the nature of that which is actually integrated in our practices is often discussed in confusing ways, if at all. The article aims to try to clarify the issue and in doing so revisits and reconsiders the notion of 'computational artifact'.

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Section: The Notion Of 'Computational Artifact' In Suchmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Notion Of 'Computational Artifact' In Suchmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Artifacts: Interactive and Collaborative Computing as an Integral Feature of Work Practice

Schmidt

Bansler

2016

COOP 2016: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Design of Cooperative Systems, 23-27 May 2016, Trento, Italy

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“…It was already published in 1963, and reprinted in 2003 [30]. And, as a last example, Doulas Engelbarts and William English's [10] NLS system was presented and live demonstrated in 1968 and offered users an interactive text processor application to write texts, including figures and tables, and featured an integrated audio and video conferencing tool to communicate with remote colleagues. Part of the NLS was the computer mouse-as we know it today-that the authors invented at the same time.…”

Section: Trends In Hcimentioning

confidence: 99%

Human-Computer Interaction Education and Diversity

Gross

2014

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

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Abstract. Human-Computer Interaction has evolved into an established field of teaching and research. Its multidisciplinary and cross-continental roots combined with its broad scope and multiplicity of paradigms, methods, tools, and application areas have led to a huge diversity. In the community there are currently debates about the pros and cons of this diversity and some voices claim for unifying theory and practice and standardising teaching curricula. In this paper I discuss HCI education, and analyse the past, present, and future of HCI in order to derive implications for HCI education.

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“…The evolution of the concept of "direct manipulation" as a psychological analysis of a collection of IICI artifacts provides an excellent example of this [13,18]. The theoretical work substantially postdates the implementation of the concept in running systems [8,19].We seek to reconcile the contrasting perspectives of theory-based design and hermeneutics, and to confront the apparent paradox of HCI application lead-7 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artifact as theory-nexus: hermeneutics meets theory-based design

Carroll

Kellogg

1989

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Wings for the Mind - CHI '89

101

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We suggest that HCI designs characteristically embody multiple, distinct psychological claims, that virtually every aspect of a system's usability is overdetermined by independent psychological rationales inherent in its design. These myriad claims cohere in being implemented together in a running system. Thus, ItCI artifacts themselves are perhaps the most effective medium for theory development in ItCI. We advance a framework for articulating the psychological claims embodied by artifacts. This proposal reconciles the contrasting perspectives of theory-based design and hermeneutics, and clarifies the apparent paradox of ItCI application leading HCI theory.KEYWORDS: theory, design, task analysis As a field of inquiry, the study of human-computer interaction is perplexing. In the midst of enormous activity and considerable technical progress, very fundamental issues remain unresolved. For example, it would seem to be axiomatic that scientific psychology has much to contribute to an understanding of IlC1 phenomena and to the design of IICI artifacts. ttowever, the role of scientific psychology in IICI is in dispute.Some theorists argue that only certain fairly narrow conceptions of psychology can successfully be applied. Newell and Card [14] warn that psychology might be driven out of IICI unless it can provide quantitatively predictive cognitive models. This approach focuses of necessity on relatively low-level asPermission to copy without fee all or part of this material Is gl'anted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and Its date appear, and notice Is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. Other theorists hold that pursuing the goal of developing cognitive science theories of HCI may impair progress toward usefully understanding IICI phenomena and effectively contributing to design [20]. This approach stresses the distortion and oversimplification inherent in laboratory-bound psychology and in conventional views of theory-based design. In contrast, this hermeneutic approach recommends treating situations, users and artifacts as unique instances. Understanding such instances is seen as an interactive process of consensual interpretation: the goal is not to identify a theory-base for application to design, but to design through a subjective process of discovery [21].Both approaches are problematic [3,5]. The limited scope of quantitative theories precludes adequate grounding for design decisions. Such theory-based design has never occurred on a nontrivial scale. On the other hand, bridges from hermeneutic interpretation into design decision-making are essentially mystical. There is no systematic methodology, no conceptual framework, no explicit way to abstract from particular experiences.Indeed, interface innovations frequently lead I ICI research rather than following from it in ...

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A research center for augmenting human intellect

Cited by 359 publications

References 2 publications

Computational Artifacts: Interactive and Collaborative Computing as an Integral Feature of Work Practice

Computational Artifacts: Interactive and Collaborative Computing as an Integral Feature of Work Practice

Human-Computer Interaction Education and Diversity

Artifact as theory-nexus: hermeneutics meets theory-based design

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