A reliable method for establishing viral infection in the rabbit by intranasal inoculation

Brown, G. A.; Field, Hugh J.

doi:10.1016/0166-0934(90)90102-l

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The initial experimental infections, conducted by intradermal, intravenous and subcutaneous routes in adult rabbits, failed to reproduce clinical disease (13). Almost two decades later, rabbits were shown to be suitable models and have thereafter been used to study the pathogenesis and molecular aspects of BHV-1 acute and latent infections (5,21,22). Experimental infections of rabbits with respiratory viruses have been classically conducted by inoculation into the conjunctival sac, due to the small size, particular anatomy and sensitivity of the nares and nasal cavity (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The suitability of this route of inoculation to study neuropathogenesis is controversial, since it may not result in the same pathways of CNS invasion occurring in natural infections (19). The description of a technique for inoculation directly into the paranasal sinuses through trephine openings has allowed the reproduction of intranasal inoculation and infection by BHV-1 and BHV-5 in rabbits (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis in rabbits by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5)

Silva¹,

Flores²,

Weiblen³

et al. 1999

Rev. Microbiol.

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This article describes the main aspects of bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5) neurologic infection and disease in rabbits, a candidate animal model for studying BHV-5 neuropathogenesis. Intranasal inoculation of weanling rabbits with a Brazilian BHV-5 isolate produced neurological disease and death in 78.8% (26/33) of the animals. Neurological signs started as early as 5 days post-inoculation and lasted from 10-12 hours up to several days. Most animals evolved to a moribund state or death within 24 (69.2%) to 48 hours (88.5%). Neurological disease was characterized by excitability or depression, tremors, bruxism, walking or running in circles, backward arching of the head and body, incoordination, backward and sideways falling, paddling, profound depression and death. Moderate levels of infectivity were detected in several areas of the brain, most consistently in the ventro-lateral hemisphere ( No gross lesions were observed. Microscopic lesions were mild and consisted of nonsuppurative meningitis, mononuclear perivascular cuffing and focal gliosis. These changes were observed most consistently in the ventro-lateral hemisphere and anterior cerebrum. Passive immunity partially protected rabbits from BHV-5-induced encephalitis. Rabbits born to immunized dams showed a significative delay in the onset of clinical disease and reduced morbidity and mortality rates compared to rabbits born to unvaccinated dams. These results demonstrate that BHV-5-induced neurological disease can consistently be reproduced in rabbits and point towards the use of this species as an animal model to study BHV-5 neuropathogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis in rabbits by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5)

Silva¹,

Flores²,

Weiblen³

et al. 1999

Rev. Microbiol.

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“…BHV-1 does not infect mice, rats, guinea pigs, or chick embryos (Gibbs & Rweyemamu 1977), although immunocompromised mice that lack interferon receptors can be infected if the virus is injected into the peritoneal cavity (Abril et al 2004). Rabbits can be experimentally infected with BHV-1 if the virus is injected into the conjunctival sac of their eyes (Rock & Reed 1982;Rock et al 1987Rock et al , 1992, or through holes drilled into the sinuses (Brown & Field 1990a, 1990b. In vitro studies in cell culture showed that BHV-1 can bind weakly to human vascular endothelial cell (HveC) (nectin-1) or to the human poliovirus receptor (Geraghty et al 1998;Connolly et al 2001) without detectable viral replication.…”

Section: Host Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) – a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis

Biswas

Bandyopadhyay

Dimri

et al. 2013

Veterinary Quarterly

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Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) is known to cause several diseases worldwide. It is a double-stranded DNA virus consisting of 33 structural proteins out of which 13 are associated with the envelope. Based on genomic analysis and viral peptide patterns, BHV-1 virus can be divided into several subtypes like BHV-1.1, BHV-1.2, and BHV-1.3. However, all subtypes are antigenically similar. The symptoms of the related diseases are mainly non-life-threatening but have a rather wide host range that limits animal trade. The different modes of transmission as unique feature of this virus and the tendency to cause infection in the early age with latency development in trigeminal and sacral ganglion cause huge economic losses around the world. The virus also affects endangered bovine species like mithun (Bos frontalis) and yak (Poephagus grunniens). The disease can be diagnosed by using conventional procedures (like cell culture, immune-histopathology, and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) as well as highly sensitive modern techniques (like nested PCR and southern hybridization) with the virus neutralization test regarded as gold standard. With the currently available diagnostic tests it is not possible to identify animals which have a latent BHV-1 infection. Different types of modern and conventional vaccines are available for immunoprophylaxis. Inactivated vaccines are not as efficacious as modified live virus (MLV) vaccines. Marker vaccines allow the distinction between vaccinated and naturally infected animals. In this review the present status of BHV-1 around the world will be addressed besides the current knowledge with regard to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis.

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“…Laboratory rabbits have been infected with BHV1 by a variety of routes, resulting in lesions and disease that were often route-specific (Bindrich, 1960;Armstrong et al, 1961;Persechino et al, 1965;Bwangamoi and Kaminjolo, 1973;Kelly, 1977;Lupton et al, 1980;Rock and Reed, 1982;Brown and Field, 1990). Rabbit infection and disease systems (including those in neonatal rabbits) have been suggested as models for bovine systems, such as vaccine efficacy evaluation (Kelly, 1977;Lupton et al, 1980;Rock and Reed, 1982;Valera et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation by self re-fusion of bovine3×murine2 heterohybridomas secreting virus-neutralizing bovine monoclonal antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD

Levings

Stoll

Warg

et al. 2014

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

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Seventy-eight heterohybridomas (HH) stably secreting bovine monoclonal antibodies (BomAb) to Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) were produced by fusing lymph node cells from a BHV1 hyperimmunized calf with 3 types of non-secreting fusion partners. Seven were generated through fusion with the murine × murine (murine(2)) hybridoma SP2/0, 3 through fusion with bovine-murine(2) HH previously generated using cells from the same calf, and 68 through fusion with bovine(2)-murine(2) HH previously generated by sequential fusions using cells from the same calf. The chromosome number of example HH increased with increasing numbers of input fusions. A variety of indirect fluorescent antibody assay patterns was observed using the BomAb, suggesting diverse antigen specificity. Three bovine(3)-murine(2) HH secreted IgG1 BomAb neutralizing BHV1 without complement, and were chosen for further characterization. SDS-PAGE of detergent-solubilized BHV1 proteins bound to the 3 neutralizing BomAb demonstrated their individual specificities for BHV1 envelope glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD, the major neutralization targets for BHV1. The 3 HH stably secreted the BomAb in culture for over one year, and pilot-scale production of the BomAb was accomplished by in vivo and in vitro methods. A cocktail of the 3 BomAb was administered intravenously (i.v.) to a 6-month-old calf and its serum neutralization activity decreased with a half-life consistent with non-immune clearance, suggesting that BomAb may be useful for passive immune treatment of disease in cattle. Rabbits were passively protected by i.v. injection with each of the anti-gB and anti-gD BomAb when challenged i.v. with BHV1 24h later. Self re-fusion was shown to be advantageous for efficiently producing HH stably secreting host monoclonal antibodies. The BomAb described should prove useful in studies of the host immune response to BHV1, as reagents, and as sources of bovine immunoglobulin sequences.

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A reliable method for establishing viral infection in the rabbit by intranasal inoculation

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis in rabbits by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5)

Pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis in rabbits by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5)

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) – a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis

Generation by self re-fusion of bovine3×murine2 heterohybridomas secreting virus-neutralizing bovine monoclonal antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins gB, gC, and gD

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