A Reliability Evaluation of Offshore HVDC Grid Configuration Options

MacIver, Callum; Bell, Keith; Nedic, Dusko P.

doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2015.2437717

Cited by 40 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…In order to populate the database shown in Table 2 a number of papers and reports which focussed on reliability analysis and offshore cables were reviewed [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The reliability figures used were then converted from a number of different formats to be represented as failures / year in order to allow for comparison between different cable lengths and ratings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of this a number of authors have had to estimate failure rates such as the figures found in [3] which creates an estimate based on other literature, [4][5][6] which estimate failure rates through observation of onshore transmission reliability data and [7] which estimates a failure rate through discussion with cable manufacturers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of offshore cable reliability metrics

Warnock¹,

McMillan²,

Pilgrim³

et al. 2017

13th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2017)

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Reliable cable systems are essential for offshore wind operation. Industry trends have led to a large number of offshore cable connections being installed recently, with 11027 MW of offshore wind connected at the end of 2015 compared to just 2955 MW in 2010 [1]. Despite the increase in connections, the publically available reliability data in this area is almost non-existent. With several connections in planning of both similar and increasing lengths it is essential to better understand these metrics.A review of published reliability data was undertaken in order to populate a database which is presented in this paper. This data focusses on a number of connection types including both AC and DC connections across a number of cable ratings and configurations. From this database it is confirmed that reliability figures currently being used across the literature generally conform to those currently being experienced in the offshore wind industry. However it is established that failure rates taken from some reports are not accurate as the technology and environments these are calculated from are typically different from those used in offshore wind farm connections. This information is collated and converted into reliability metrics in order for comparisons to be made.Analysis of the cost of an outage experienced by a windfarm is also carried out in this paper. The results of which establish that the revenue lost from a cable failure could potentially be substantial. The findings in this paper would also suggest a greater risk of failure in the early life of a windfarm and as such a greater potential cost associated with this risk.It is important to have a better understanding of offshore renewable energy cable connections as the reliability of a cable has a significant impact on the Levelised Cost of Energy. With a greater understanding of the metrics investors can make more informed decisions with respect to the technology that is installed as well as the importance of the installation process itself, due diligence on subsequent OFTO asset purchases and the maintenance plans that have been outlined for the connection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of offshore cable reliability metrics

Warnock¹,

McMillan²,

Pilgrim³

et al. 2017

13th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2017)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As such, the series equivalent reliability model of the VSC station can be represented by a typical two-state Markov model using (6.a) and (6.b). The outage data of the VSC-HVDC system are listed in the Appendix [16]- [17], [24]. The equivalent reliability model of the VSC station is listed in Table III 2) DC transmission line: The system includes two main common parallel DC transmission lines using submarine cables.…”

Section: Combined Wfs and Vsc-hvdc Reliability Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the failure rates and repair time of the offshore VSC-HVDC system are quite different from the onshore cases [17]. For example, the repair work significantly depends on the weather conditions such as wind regime and wave height.…”

Section: Effect Of the Repair Time Of Offshore Vsc-hvdc Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Reliability Model of VSC-HVDC Connected Offshore Wind Farms Considering Wind Speed Correlation

Guo

Gao

2017

IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy

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“…Meshed network configuration is more reliable than radial due to redundant supply channels but incur higher cable cost. Any topology can be configured, once technical and economic benefits of the network operators have been dealt with [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of large partitioned MTDC Networks Using DC-DC converters and circuit breakers

Rahman

Yao

2016

Prot Control Mod Power Syst

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This paper proposes a DC fault protection strategy for large multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) network where MMC based DC-DC converter is configured at strategic locations to allow the large MTDC network to be operated interconnected but partitioned into islanded DC network zones following faults. Each DC network zone is protected using either AC circuit breakers coordinated with DC switches or slow mechanical type DC circuit breakers to minimize the capital cost. In case of a DC fault event, DC-DC converters which have inherent DC fault isolation capability provide 'firewall' between the faulty and healthy zones such that the faulty DC network zone can be quickly isolated from the remaining of the MTDC network to allow the healthy DC network zones to remain operational. The validity of the proposed protection arrangement is confirmed using MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations.

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A Reliability Evaluation of Offshore HVDC Grid Configuration Options

Cited by 40 publications

References 10 publications

Review of offshore cable reliability metrics

Review of offshore cable reliability metrics

A Combined Reliability Model of VSC-HVDC Connected Offshore Wind Farms Considering Wind Speed Correlation

Protection of large partitioned MTDC Networks Using DC-DC converters and circuit breakers

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