A Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Cantilever Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls

Design Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Retaining Walls: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review

“…e cost of concrete can be expanded to include the cost of formwork, transportation, labor, vibration, Earth removal, and cost of backfill as done by Naeem [22], Villalba et al [27], Al Sebai et al [31], Ceranic et al [34], Yepes et al [37], Camp and Akin [42], Sable and Patil [45], Kaveh et al [47], Talatahari and Sheikholeslami [51], Kaveh and Farhoudi [56], Temür and Bekdas [58], Mohammad and Ahmed [67], Moayyeri et al [69], Konstandakopoulou et al [76], Mergos and Mantoglou [77], Tousi et al [90], and Dodigović et al [94]. e cost of varying concrete and steel strength can also be used for optimization as done by Villalba et al [27], Yepes et al [37], Kaveh et al [47], Kalateh-Ahani and Sarani [68], Konstandakopoulou et al [76], Tousi et al [90], and Shakeel et al [100].…”

“…e placement and bar diameter of steel plays a vital role and has been neglected by many studies making it an area of interest. Consequently, studies of Schmied and Karlsson [24], Villalba et al [27], Al Sebai et al [31], Yepes et al [37], Camp and Akin [42], Kaveh et al [47], Gandomi et al [61], Gandomi et al [62], Bekdas ¸et al [55], Kayhan and Demir [66], Moayyeri et al [69], Öztürk and Türkeli [70], Kalemci et al [78], Tousi et al [90], Tutus ¸et al [95], Temür [99], and Uray et al [102] have tried to optimize steel areas while keeping in mind the practicality of available rebars and their spacing. is is achieved by generating a pool of predefined steel bars and indexing them in tabular form while programming.…”

“…Extensive work was done by Yepes et al [37] on deflection limits and they concluded that a value of 1/150 of stem height is sufficient for practical optimized design of retaining walls. A deflection check has been included by the studies of Villalba et al [27], Al Sebai et al [31], Yepes et al [37], Khajehzadeh et al [41], Khajehzadeh and Eslam [43], Kaveh et al [47], Khajehzadeh et al [49], and Ravichandran et al [84].…”

“…erefore, deterministic approaches are not the best for the optimal design of RC structures. Only a few studies [17,19,20,25,31,36,44,65] have applied nonlinear programming (NLP) techniques as the vastly superior metaheuristic techniques have made their use redundant. However, studies are being done to combine metaheuristic techniques with NLP techniques to improve their search capabilities and computational speeds [31,49,93].…”

“…However, the novel study was of Sarıbas ¸and Erbatur [19] which solidified the direction taken by researchers for problem formulation of RC cantilever retaining walls and is the most common reference study used by subsequent researchers. Since then multiple theses (Medhekar [20], Purohit [21], Naeem [22], Rahbari [23], and Schmied and Karlsson [24]), conference papers (Bhatti [25], Ahmadi-Nedushan and Varaee [26], Villalba et al [27], Pei and Xia [28], Papazafeiropoulos et al [29], Uray and Tan [30], Al Sebai et al [31], Srivastavaa et al [32], and Yücel et al [33]), and journal articles (Ceranic et al [34], Chau and Albermani [35], Babu and Basha [36], Yepes et al [37], Khajehzadeh et al [38], Ghazavi and Bonab [39], Kaveh and Abadi [40], Khajehzadeh et al [41], Camp and Akin [42], Khajehzadeh and Eslami [43], Sable and Patil [44], Sable and Patil [45], Kaveh and Behnam [46], Kaveh et al [47], Kaveh and Khayatazad [48], Khajehzadeh et al [49], Sheikholeslami et al [50], Talatahari and Sheikholeslami [51], Gandomi et al [52], Kaveh and Mahdavi [53], Singla and Gupta [54], Bekdas ¸et al [55], Kaveh and Farhoudi [56], Sheikholeslami et al [57], Temür and Bekdas…”