The concept of self-deception offered participants a perspective for describing and understanding clients who present a range of 'difficult' attitudes and behaviours, such as evasion and denial of the 'truth' of their predicament as understood by the therapist, conflicting, and contradictory attitudes to the process of self change, avoiding taking responsibility for themselves, lack of self-understanding, withholding from engagement in therapy, and from relationship with the therapist. The findings also bring to light therapists' experiences of discomfort, frustration and anger, and feelings of incompetence when working with clients they described as self-deceptive. The construct of client's self-deception constitutes one possible interpretation but other interpretative possibilities are considered.