A relation between static flexibility and shoulder pain in competitive age-group swimmers

Özçaldıran, Bahtiyar

doi:10.1163/156856902760196388

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Swimming does appear to affect the scapulohumeral range of motion (Ozcaldiran, 2002; Jansson et al, 2005), and glenohumeral laxity (Tibone et al, 2002) This suggests that research on sedentary populations may be of limited use for highly active populations such as swimmers, and that specific information is required for groups such as swimmers who have a high incidence of shoulder dysfunction.…”

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confidence: 99%

Differences in scapular and humeral head position between swimmers and non‐swimmers

McKenna

Straker

Smith

et al. 2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The aims of this study were to determine differences between swimmers/non-swimmers, males/females and dominant/non-dominant sides for scapular and humeral head position, while accounting for size, and to determine the relationship between scapular and humeral head position. 46 teenage swimmers (30 females) and 43 non-swimmers (28 females) were measured. The distances between (a) medial spine of the scapula and T3/4 (Superior Kibler), (b) inferior scapula and T7/8 (Inferior Kibler) and (c) anterior acromion and anterior humeral head were recorded while teenagers stood with their hands-on hips. There was no main effect difference between swimmers and non-swimmers for scapular or humeral head position. There were interactions for swim status/dominance (Superior Kibler; P=0.005, Inferior Kibler; P<0.001) and swim status/gender (Superior Kibler; P=0.027). The humeral head was significantly further from the acromion on the dominant side (adjusted mean difference=1.4 mm, P=0.004). Little relationship between scapular and humeral head position was evident. Clinicians should be aware that swim status, in combination with gender or dominance may affect scapular position but does not affect humeral head position. Where swimming had an effect, it minimized differences between genders and sides. The small dominance effect on the humeral head position is unlikely to be clinically detectable.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in scapular and humeral head position between swimmers and non‐swimmers

McKenna

Straker

Smith

et al. 2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…Included studies suggest that associations between an increased risk of shoulder pain and (1) impaired muscle extensibility in pectoralis minor 16,39 and latissimus dorsi musculature, 30,39 (2) limited or excess glenohumeral external rotation range of motion at 90° of abduction, 41,45 and (3) limited scapular upward rotation with humeral elevation 38,41 (see Table A2 in the Appendix, available online, for proposed cutoff values). Current research exists to support the relationship between shoulder IR and ER ROM and risk for shoulder injury/risk development in swimmers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A total of 17 nonrandomized studies met the inclusion criteria for the UE, with the shoulder cited as the injured UE body region in all 17 studies. [4][5][6][7][8]13,15,16,17,25,26,30,38,39,41,45,49 The average MINORS quality scores for relevant UE comparative and noncomparative studies were 18.1 of 24, and 10.5 of 16, respectively. The study populations included elite club, collegiate, and national-level swimmers.…”

Section: Relevant Objective Clinical Assessment and Screening Tools Umentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical assessment tools utilized to assess for the presence and risk of shoulder pain/injury varied, but the following were consistently referenced when comparing involved versus uninvolved UE: shoulder external rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM), 41,45 shoulder ER and internal rotation (IR) strength, endurance and associated ER:IR ratio, 5,6 scapular control and mobility, 4,38,41 shoulder complex muscle extensibility, 16,39 and glenohumeral instability. 4,26 Included studies suggest that associations between an increased risk of shoulder pain and (1) impaired muscle extensibility in pectoralis minor 16,39 and latissimus dorsi musculature, 30,39 (2) limited or excess glenohumeral external rotation range of motion at 90° of abduction, 41,45 and (3) limited scapular upward rotation with humeral elevation 38,41 (see Table A2 in the Appendix, available online, for proposed cutoff values). Current research exists to support the relationship between shoulder IR and ER ROM and risk for shoulder injury/ risk development in swimmers.…”

Section: Relevant Objective Clinical Assessment and Screening Tools Umentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical Evaluation Techniques for Injury Risk Assessment in Elite Swimmers: A Systematic Review

Schlueter

Pintar

Wayman

et al. 2020

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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Context: Evidence concerning a systematic, comprehensive injury risk assessment in the elite swimming population is scarce. Objective: To evaluate the quality of current literature regarding clinical assessment techniques used to evaluate the presence and/or development of pain/injury in elite swimmers and to categorize objective clinical assessment tools into relevant predictors (constructs) that should consistently be evaluated in injury risk screens of elite swimmers. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and the Cochrane Library Reviews were searched through September 2018. Study Selection: Studies were included for review if they assessed a correlation between clinic-based objective measures and the presence and/or development of acute or chronic pain/injury in elite swimmers. All body regions were included. Elite swimmers were defined as National Collegiate Athletic Association, collegiate, and junior-, senior-, or national-level swimmers. Only cohort and cross-sectional studies were included (both prospective and retrospective); randomized controlled trials, expert opinion, and case reports were excluded, along with studies that focused on interventions, performance, or specific swim-stroke equipment or technology. Study Design: Systematic review and qualitative analysis. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were utilized at each phase of review by 2 reviewers; a third reviewer was utilized for tie breaking purposes. Qualitative analysis was performed using the Methodological Items for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) assessment tool. Results: A total of 21 studies assessed the presence and/or development of injury/pain in 3 different body regions: upper extremity, lower extremity, and spine. Calculated average MINORS scores for comparative (n = 17) and noncomparative (n = 4) studies were 18.1 of 24 and 10.5 of 16, respectively. Modifiable, objectively measurable injury risk factors in elite swimmers were categorized into 4 constructs: (1) strength/endurance, (2) mobility, (3) static/dynamic posture, and (4) patient-report regardless of body region. Conclusion: Limited evidence exists to draw specific correlations between identified clinical objective measures and the development of pain and/or injury in elite swimmers.

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“…This high prevalence of injury in swimmers has been associated with the inability to maintain a fine balance between strength and instability, in combination with poor endurance of shoulder musculature [ 4 ]. These issues are further compounded when the asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant arms of swimmers are compared [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Paralympic swimmers have reported the similar shoulder pain/injury issues as able-bodied swimmers [ 8 ], with a higher prevalence of upper limb injuries in wheelchair athletes [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Assessment of Scapula Motion: Scapula Upward Rotation and Relationship with Injury in Swimmers

Brown

Mellifont

Burkett

2016

Sports

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Abnormal scapulothoracic mechanics and scapulohumeral rhythm are implicated in shoulder pathologies, including glenohumeral impingement and rotator cuff tears. Upward scapula rotation, specifically asymmetry of scapula motion and associations of patterns through range with injury, was investigated in dominant and non-dominant limbs of nationally ranked junior and Paralympic swimmers during competition season. The static and throughout phases measures of upward scapula rotation were: Phase I (start position, 45°), Phase II (45° to 90°), Phase III (90° to 135°) and Phase IV (135° to max). Injury was assessed with a validated questionnaire. Differences between side (dominant and non-dominant), group (junior and Paralympic), and phase were examined. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between groups were identified for dominant side at rest, 45° and 135°, and in phases II and IV (including range). Scapulohumeral rhythm was higher in the non-dominant limb of Paralympic swimmers but in the dominant limb of junior swimmers. Greatest differences in upward rotation between injured and non-injured swimmers were found in Phase 1: 43.6% (3.3°) Paralympic; 73.1% (8°) junior. Results suggest asymmetry of movement in both limbs, through all phases, and at single points in range, should be investigated for assessing injury and developing preventive strategies and rehabilitation protocols.

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A relation between static flexibility and shoulder pain in competitive age-group swimmers

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Differences in scapular and humeral head position between swimmers and non‐swimmers

Differences in scapular and humeral head position between swimmers and non‐swimmers

Clinical Evaluation Techniques for Injury Risk Assessment in Elite Swimmers: A Systematic Review

Clinical Assessment of Scapula Motion: Scapula Upward Rotation and Relationship with Injury in Swimmers

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