A Reevaluation of the Key Factors That Influence Tomato Fruit Softening and Integrity

Saladié, Montserrat; Matas, Antonio J.; Isaacson, Tal; Jenks, Matthew A.; Goodwin, S. Mark; Niklas, Karl J.; Ren, Xiaolin; Labavitch, John M.; Shackel, Kenneth A.; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Lytovchenko, Anna; O’Neill, Malcolm A.; Watkins, Christopher B.; Rose, Jocelyn K. C.

doi:10.1104/pp.107.097477

Cited by 352 publications

(279 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Infection of fruit, however, also results in the decreased expression of Cel1 (GonzalezBosch et al, 1996;Flors et al, 2007), suggesting that specific aspects of ripe fruit cell wall disassembly are important for susceptibility. Changes in tomato fruit cuticle composition and structure that result from the Delayed Fruit Deterioration (DFD) mutation also contribute to changes in ripening-associated tomato fruit softening and B. cinerea susceptibility (Saladie et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ripening-Regulated Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit toBotrytis cinereaRequiresNORBut NotRINor Ethylene

Cantu

Blanco‐Ulate

Long³

et al. 2009

Plant Physiology

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163

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Fruit ripening is a developmental process that is associated with increased susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Histochemical observations demonstrate that unripe tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit activate pathogen defense responses, but these responses are attenuated in ripe fruit infected by B. cinerea. Tomato fruit ripening is regulated independently and cooperatively by ethylene and transcription factors, including NON-RIPENING (NOR) and RIPENING-INHIBITOR (RIN). Mutations in NOR or RIN or interference with ethylene perception prevent fruit from ripening and, thereby, would be expected to influence susceptibility. We show, however, that the susceptibility of ripe fruit is dependent on NOR but not on RIN and only partially on ethylene perception, leading to the conclusion that not all of the pathways and events that constitute ripening render fruit susceptible. Additionally, on unripe fruit, B. cinerea induces the expression of genes also expressed as uninfected fruit ripen. Among the ripening-associated genes induced by B. cinerea are LePG (for polygalacturonase) and LeExp1 (for expansin), which encode cell wall-modifying proteins and have been shown to facilitate susceptibility. LePG and LeExp1 are induced only in susceptible rin fruit and not in resistant nor fruit. Thus, to infect fruit, B. cinerea relies on some of the processes and events that occur during ripening, and the fungus induces these pathways in unripe fruit, suggesting that the pathogen itself can initiate the induction of susceptibility by exploiting endogenous developmental programs. These results demonstrate the developmental plasticity of plant responses to the fungus and indicate how known regulators of fruit ripening participate in regulating ripening-associated pathogen susceptibility.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ripening-Regulated Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit toBotrytis cinereaRequiresNORBut NotRINor Ethylene

Cantu

Blanco‐Ulate

Long³

et al. 2009

Plant Physiology

Self Cite

148

163

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“…fruit growth, visual aspect, cracking, water loss, resistance to pathogens, and postharvest shelf-life) are highly dependent on fruit cuticle (Bargel and Neinhuis, 2005;Saladié et al, 2007;Matas et al, 2009;Domínguez et al, 2011;Parsons et al, 2012). An increasing number of studies highlight the possibilities offered by tomato for analyzing cuticle architecture, mechanical properties, and permeability (López-Casado et al, 2007;Saladié et al, 2007;MintzOron et al, 2008;Buda et al, 2009;Isaacson et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2011) and for discovering genes contributing to cuticle synthesis and regulation (Hovav et al, 2007;Mintz-Oron et al, 2008;Girard et al, 2012;Nadakuduti et al, 2012;Yeats et al, 2012b;Shi et al, 2013). Nevertheless, to further our understanding of the relationships between cuticle composition and architecture and cuticle properties and performance in plants, new tomato cuticle mutants are highly needed (Domínguez et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyses of Tomato Fruit Brightness Mutants Uncover Both Cutin-Deficient and Cutin-Abundant Mutants and a New Hypomorphic Allele of GDSL Lipase

et al. 2013

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The cuticle is a protective layer synthesized by epidermal cells of the plants and consisting of cutin covered and filled by waxes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit, the thick cuticle embedding epidermal cells has crucial roles in the control of pathogens, water loss, cracking, postharvest shelf-life, and brightness. To identify tomato mutants with modified cuticle composition and architecture and to further decipher the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle in tomato, we screened an ethyl methanesulfonate mutant collection in the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for mutants with altered fruit brightness. Our screen resulted in the isolation of 16 glossy and 8 dull mutants displaying changes in the amount and/or composition of wax and cutin, cuticle thickness, and surface aspect of the fruit as characterized by optical and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The main conclusions on the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle features were as follows: (1) screening for fruit brightness is an effective way to identify tomato cuticle mutants; (2) fruit brightness is independent from wax load variations; (3) glossy mutants show either reduced or increased cutin load; and (4) dull mutants display alterations in epidermal cell number and shape. Cuticle composition analyses further allowed the identification of groups of mutants displaying remarkable cuticle changes, such as mutants with increased dicarboxylic acids in cutin. Using genetic mapping of a strong cutindeficient mutation, we discovered a novel hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase carrying a splice junction mutation, thus highlighting the potential of tomato brightness mutants for advancing our understanding of cuticle formation in plants.

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“…Fruit firmness is determined by a number of factors including cell wall structure, turgor (Saladié et al, 2007), and cuticle properties (Chaïb et al, 2007) and is therefore likely to be a highly complex trait, involving numerous genes and pathways (Brummell and Harpster, 2001). Extensive research has focused on the biochemical and molecular aspects of fruit ripening using tomato as a model system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Mapping of a Fruit Firmness-Related Quantitative Trait Locus in Tomato Reveals Epistatic Interactions Associated with a Complex Combinatorial Locus

Chapman

Bonnet²,

Grivet³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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Fruit firmness in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is determined by a number of factors including cell wall structure, turgor, and cuticle properties. Firmness is a complex polygenic trait involving the coregulation of many genes and has proved especially challenging to unravel. In this study, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fruit firmness was mapped to tomato chromosome 2 using the Zamir Solanum pennellii interspecific introgression lines (ILs) and fine-mapped in a population consisting of 7,500 F2 and F3 lines from IL 2-3 and IL 2-4. This firmness QTL contained five distinct subpeaks, Fir s.p. QTL2.1 to Fir s.p. QTL2.5, and an effect on a distal region of IL 2-4 that was nonoverlapping with IL 2-3. All these effects were located within an 8.6-Mb region. Using genetic markers, each subpeak within this combinatorial locus was mapped to a physical location within the genome, and an ethylene response factor (ERF) underlying Fir s.p. QTL2.2 and a region containing three pectin methylesterase (PME) genes underlying Fir s.p. QTL2.5 were nominated as QTL candidate genes. Statistical models used to explain the observed variability between lines indicated that these candidates and the nonoverlapping portion of IL 2-4 were sufficient to account for the majority of the fruit firmness effects. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify the expression of each candidate gene. ERF showed increased expression associated with soft fruit texture in the mapping population. In contrast, PME expression was tightly linked with firm fruit texture. Analysis of a range of recombinant lines revealed evidence for an epistatic interaction that was associated with this combinatorial locus.

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A Reevaluation of the Key Factors That Influence Tomato Fruit Softening and Integrity

Cited by 352 publications

References 73 publications

Ripening-Regulated Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit toBotrytis cinereaRequiresNORBut NotRINor Ethylene

Ripening-Regulated Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit toBotrytis cinereaRequiresNORBut NotRINor Ethylene

Analyses of Tomato Fruit Brightness Mutants Uncover Both Cutin-Deficient and Cutin-Abundant Mutants and a New Hypomorphic Allele of GDSL Lipase

High-Resolution Mapping of a Fruit Firmness-Related Quantitative Trait Locus in Tomato Reveals Epistatic Interactions Associated with a Complex Combinatorial Locus

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