A Reevaluation of Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson’s Trans-Pecos Campaign against Victorio, July–August 1880

Abstract

Victorio, a Chihenne Apache leader, led the resistance to the closure of their reservation centred around Ojo Caliente, New Mexico in April/May 1877. The closure was part of the Department of the Interior's attempt to concentrate the Apaches upon one reservation at San Carlos in Arizona. The key problem with this policy was that different groups of Apaches did not necessarily maintain good relations with each. Victorio's followers were soon embroiled in just such a dispute with the San Carlos Apaches, which quickly involved deaths on both sides. The fact that the Chihenne Apaches were moved on to the San Carlos reservation after its creation also meant that they were also assigned to poorer land than that already occupied by the resident San Carlos Apaches, leading to high rates of disease-related mortalities. This situation led to the Chihennes fleeing from San Carlos in September 1877. After two years of attempting to negotiate the return of their Ojo Caliente reservation, Victorio finally lost faith with the U.S. authorities and went to war in August 1879. After his flight from San Carlos in 1877 there had been sporadic skirmishes between the U.S. army and Victorio's Apaches, punctuated by a temporary return to Ojo Caliente 6

Politics, policy and legacies of the Olympics in Asia Pacific: a panoramic view

“…An international voice against Beijing 2022 poses another taxing problem. A few days before the 128 th IOC session, Free Tibet activists sent the IOC letters which claimed the illegality of the Chinese occupation of Tibet (Watt, 2015). It was part of the protesters' attempt to dissuade the IOC members from choosing Beijing as the host of the 2022 Winter Olympics.…”