A reduced-cost approach for analyzing fresh produce for contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts

Utaaker, Kjersti Selstad; Huang, Qirong; Robertson, Lucy J.

doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.010

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…G. duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were isolated from 200 µL of concentrated faeces using an in-house immunomagnetic separation method (IMS) using Dynabeads ® (GC-Combo, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) [ 26 , 27 ]; 10 μL anti- G. duodenalis beads, 10 μL anti- Cryptosporidium spp. beads, 80 μL Sur-Modics StabilZyme ® , 20 μL SL Buffer B and 100 µL Buffer Q4 were used to generate 55 μL of purified sample from approximately 200 mg of the faecal pellet.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goats in the city: prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in extensively reared goats in northern India

Utaaker

Myhr

Bajwa³

et al. 2017

Acta Vet Scand

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BackgroundVarious characteristics of goats mean they are highly suitable livestock for backyard rearing by people with limited resources. They are a popular livestock choice in India, where they are often kept to supplement an already scarce income. In these settings, hygiene and sanitation standards tend to be low, and weakens the interface between humans and animals, thus reducing the barrier between them and thereby increasing the likelihood that zoonotic and anthroponotic infections will occur.ResultsThis study reports an investigation of the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in goats being reared in different settings in urban and peri-urban areas in northern India, and addressed the zoonotic potential of these important protozoan parasites shed from goats living close to humans. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 33.8 and 0.5% for Cryptosporidium spp.; the relatively low prevalence of cryptosporidiosis may reflect that most samples were derived from adult animals. The prevalence of G. duodenalis excretion was found to be similar to that reported in other studies. However, although other studies have reported a predominance of non-zoonotic Assemblage E in goats, in this study potentially zoonotic Assemblages predominated [Assemblage A (36%) and Assemblage B (32%)].ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that in this area where goats and humans are living in close proximity, there may be sharing of intestinal parasites, which can be detrimental for both host species.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13028-017-0354-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goats in the city: prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in extensively reared goats in northern India

Utaaker

Myhr

Bajwa³

et al. 2017

Acta Vet Scand

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“…Oocyst elution and concentration by ISO or Utaaker et al. () and detection by PCR (Hohweyer et al., )…”

Section: Appendix C – Detection Methods For Cryptosporidium In Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health risks associated with food‐borne parasites

Koutsoumanis¹,

Allende²,

Álvarez‐Ordóñez³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Parasites are important food‐borne pathogens. Their complex lifecycles, varied transmission routes, and prolonged periods between infection and symptoms mean that the public health burden and relative importance of different transmission routes are often difficult to assess. Furthermore, there are challenges in detection and diagnostics, and variations in reporting. A Europe‐focused ranking exercise, using multicriteria decision analysis, identified potentially food‐borne parasites of importance, and that are currently not routinely controlled in food. These are Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus spp. Infection with these parasites in humans and animals, or their occurrence in food, is not notifiable in all Member States. This Opinion reviews current methods for detection, identification and tracing of these parasites in relevant foods, reviews literature on food‐borne pathways, examines information on their occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. The differences between these three parasites are substantial, but for all there is a paucity of well‐established, standardised, validated methods that can be applied across the range of relevant foods. Furthermore, the prolonged period between infection and clinical symptoms (from several days for Cryptosporidium to years for Echinococcus spp.) means that source attribution studies are very difficult. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the domestic animal lifecycle (involving dogs and livestock) for Echinoccocus granulosus means that this parasite is controllable. For Echinococcus multilocularis, for which the lifecycle involves wildlife (foxes and rodents), control would be expensive and complicated, but could be achieved in targeted areas with sufficient commitment and resources. Quantitative risk assessments have been described for Toxoplasma in meat. However, for T. gondii and Cryptosporidium as faecal contaminants, development of validated detection methods, including survival/infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, are required for the development of quantitative risk assessments and efficient control measures.

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“…In developed countries, giardiasis is an emerging infection because it plays an important role in diarrhea outbreaks linked to water and food consumption that affect the population in general. As to developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, approximately 200 million people experience giardiasis symptoms [1,52].…”

Section: Impact In Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment for Giardia in Environmental Samples

Balderrama-Carmona¹,

Gortáres‐Moroyoqui²,

Felipe³

et al. 2017

Current Topics in Giardiasis

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Giardia is a gastrointestinal parasite that causes infections in humans worldwide. In developing countries, giardiasis is an emerging infection because it plays an important role in diarrhea outbreaks linked to water and food consumption affecting the population in general. Giardiasis is referred to as zoonosis because its biological etiological agent is transmitted to humans through animal reservoirs by oral-fecal route. Detection and occurrences of Giardia cysts have been documented in water, food, soil, and air. The principal risk factors for developing giardiasis include environmental contamination associated with malnutrition and immunosuppression. The small size of cysts and their environmental resistance together with the small infection dose to produce the disease allow giardia dissemination especially in marginalized populations; however, parasitism is present in all countries and at different economic levels. This zoonotic illness contains several species of Giardia duodenalis, infecting mammals and humans with eight serotypes, of which A and B are of public health importance. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) is a methodology used for predicting health risk to establish regulations for permissible Giardia risk in water and food. This chapter focuses on worldwide reviews of Giardia incidence in environmental samples including giardiasis prevalence, serotypes, risk factors, and finally options for cyst reduction in the environment, emphasizing on QMRA.

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A reduced-cost approach for analyzing fresh produce for contamination with Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts

Cited by 30 publications

References 10 publications

Goats in the city: prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in extensively reared goats in northern India

Goats in the city: prevalence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in extensively reared goats in northern India

Public health risks associated with food‐borne parasites

Risk Assessment for Giardia in Environmental Samples

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