A red orange extract modulates the vascular response to a recreational dive: a pilot study on the effect of anthocyanins on the physiological consequences of scuba diving

Balestra, Costantino; Cimino, Francesco; Theunissen, Sigrid; Snoeck, Thyl; Provyn, Steven; Canali, Raffaella; Bonina, Andrea; Virgili, Fabio

doi:10.1080/14786419.2015.1107062

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…We previously demonstrated that diving is associated with a significant reduction of NO-related endothelial function of large arteries, and that predive administration of polyphenol-rich food items (chocolate) or plant extract from red orange significantly counters this response [ 8 , 22 ]. The utilization of full-face masks during SCUBA diving allows breathing through the nose, which is a confirmed physiological strategy to increase circulating NO [ 8 ], therefore potentially modulating the effects of diving on FMD.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, diving has been reported to induce a response extended to the microvascular endothelium [ 2 ] and to the macro and microvascular smooth muscle [ 2 , 5 ]. The predive administration of bioactive molecules belonging to a very large family known as polyphenols and frequently reported as having a putative “antioxidant capacity” have been reported to partially prevent postdive alterations of FMD [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], suggesting the implication of an oxidative stress in this response. Indeed, impaired FMD [ 4 , 9 ] and increased oxidative stress [ 7 , 10 ] were also reported postdive even in the absence of VGE, suggesting that the organism casts out a physiological response to high oxygen, which does not necessarily result in a clinically relevant dysfunction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For several years, preconditioning strategies to reduce this “decompression stress” have been considered and investigated [ 21 ]. Nutritional strategies with polyphenols-rich food supplementation (dark chocolate and red orange complex or vitamin C, to name a few) have been shown to reduce vascular dysfunction [ 8 , 22 ]. Physical interventions (predive vibration, oxygen breathing, exercise, sauna) appear capable in limiting the generation of VGE after a dive through the reduction of pre-existing gas micronuclei [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full-Face Mask Use during SCUBA Diving Counters Related Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction

Lévénez

Lambrechts

Mrakic‐Sposta

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Impaired flow mediated dilation (FMD), an index of vascular stress, is known after SCUBA diving. This is related to a dysfunction of nitric oxide (NO) availability and a disturbance of the redox status, possibly induced by hyperoxic/hyperbaric gas breathing. SCUBA diving is usually performed with a mask only covering “half face” (HF) and therefore forcing oral breathing. Nasal NO production is involved in vascular homeostasis and, as consequence, can significantly reduce NO possibly promoting vascular dysfunction. More recently, the utilization of “full-face” (FF) mask, allowing nasal breathing, became more frequent, but no reports are available describing their effects on vascular functions in comparison with HF masks. In this study we assessed and compared the effects of a standard shallow dive (20 min at 10 m) wearing either FF or a HF mask on different markers of vascular function (FMD), oxidative stress (ROS, 8-iso-PGF2α) and NO availability and metabolism (NO2, NOx and 3-NT and iNOS expression). Data from a dive breathing a hypoxic (16% O2 at depth) gas mixture with HF mask are shown allowing hyperoxic/hypoxic exposure. Our data suggest that nasal breathing might significantly reduce the occurrence of vascular dysfunction possibly due to better maintenance of NO production and bioavailability, resulting in a better ability to counter reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Besides the obvious outcomes in terms of SCUBA diving safety, our data permit a better understanding of the effects of oxygen concentrations, either in normal conditions or as a strategy to induce selected responses in health and disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full-Face Mask Use during SCUBA Diving Counters Related Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction

Lévénez

Lambrechts

Mrakic‐Sposta

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…It has been shown that endothelial function was impaired after SCUBA diving, involving exposure to elevated partial pressures of oxygen at depth (Lambrechts et al, 2013). Pre-ingestion of nutritional antioxidants such as red orange extract (Balestra et al, 2016) or dark chocolate (Theunissen et al, 2015) prevented endothelial dysfunction. This improvement has been attributed, by the authors, to an increase in activity and expression of endothelial NO synthase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperoxia During Exercise: Impact on Adenosine Plasma Levels and Hemodynamic Data

et al. 2020

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Introduction: Adenosine is an ATP derivative that is strongly implicated in the cardiovascular adaptive response to exercise. In this study, we hypothesized that during exercise the hyperemia, commonly observed during exercise in air, was counteracted by the downregulation of the adenosinergic pathway during hyperoxic exposure.Methods: Ten healthy volunteers performed two randomized sessions including gas exposure (Medical air or Oxygen) at rest and during exercise performed at 40% of maximal intensity, according to the individual fitness of the volunteers. Investigations included the measurement of adenosine plasma level (APL) and the recording of hemodynamic data [i.e., cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistances (SVR) using pulsed Doppler and echocardiography].Results: Hyperoxia significantly decreased APL (from 0.58 ± 0.06 to 0.21 ± 0.05 µmol L −1 , p < 0.001) heart rate and CO and increased SVR in healthy volunteers at rest. During exercise, an increase in APL was recorded in the two sessions when compared with measurements at rest (+0.4 ± 0.4 vs. +0.3 ± 0.2 µmol L −1 for medical air and oxygen exposures, respectively). APL was lower during the exercise performed under hyperoxia when compared with medical air exposure (0.5 ± 0.06 vs. 1.03 ± 0.2 µmol L −1 , respectively p < 0.001). This result could contribute to the hemodynamic differences between the two conditions, such as the increase in SVR and the decrease in both heart rate and CO when exercises were performed during oxygen exposure as compared to medical air.Conclusion: Hyperoxia decreased APLs in healthy volunteers at rest but did not eliminate the increase in APL and the decrease in SVR during low intensity exercise.

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“…There is a renewed interest in nutrition in commercial diving to improve divers’ performances and eventually reduce their oxidative stress (Deb et al, 2016). It has been suggested that the diver’s diet has also a measurable effect on the level of VGE or on the vascular wall compliance which may also influence the SMB elimination (Theunissen et al, 2013, 2015; Valadao et al, 2014; Balestra et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Static Metabolic Bubbles as Precursors of Vascular Gas Emboli During Divers’ Decompression: A Hypothesis Explaining Bubbling Variability

Imbert¹,

Egi

Germonpré³

et al. 2019

Front. Physiol.

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Introduction The risk for decompression sickness (DCS) after hyperbaric exposures (such as SCUBA diving) has been linked to the presence and quantity of vascular gas emboli (VGE) after surfacing from the dive. These VGE can be semi-quantified by ultrasound Doppler and quantified via precordial echocardiography. However, for an identical dive, VGE monitoring of divers shows variations related to individual susceptibility, and, for a same diver, dive-to-dive variations which may be influenced by pre-dive pre-conditioning. These variations are not explained by currently used algorithms. In this paper, we present a new hypothesis: individual metabolic processes, through the oxygen window (OW) or Inherent Unsaturation of tissues, modulate the presence and volume of static metabolic bubbles (SMB) that in turn act as precursors of circulating VGE after a dive. Methods We derive a coherent system of assumptions to describe static gas bubbles, located on the vessel endothelium at hydrophobic sites, that would be activated during decompression and become the source of VGE. We first refer to the OW and show that it creates a local tissue unsaturation that can generate and stabilize static gas phases in the diver at the surface. We then use Non-extensive thermodynamics to derive an equilibrium equation that avoids any geometrical description. The final equation links the SMB volume directly to the metabolism. Results and Discussion Our model introduces a stable population of small gas pockets of an intermediate size between the nanobubbles nucleating on the active sites and the VGE detected in the venous blood. The resulting equation, when checked against our own previously published data and the relevant scientific literature, supports both individual variation and the induced differences observed in pre-conditioning experiments. It also explains the variability in VGE counts based on age, fitness, type and frequency of physical activities. Finally, it fits into the general scheme of the arterial bubble assumption for the description of the DCS risk. Conclusion Metabolism characterization of the pre-dive SMB population opens new possibilities for decompression algorithms by considering the diver’s individual susceptibility and recent history (life style, exercise) to predict the level of VGE during and after decompression.

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A red orange extract modulates the vascular response to a recreational dive: a pilot study on the effect of anthocyanins on the physiological consequences of scuba diving

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Full-Face Mask Use during SCUBA Diving Counters Related Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction

Full-Face Mask Use during SCUBA Diving Counters Related Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction

Hyperoxia During Exercise: Impact on Adenosine Plasma Levels and Hemodynamic Data

Static Metabolic Bubbles as Precursors of Vascular Gas Emboli During Divers’ Decompression: A Hypothesis Explaining Bubbling Variability

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