A reconsideration of the relationship between the crystallite size La of carbons determined by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy

Zickler, Gerald A.; Smarsly, Bernd M.; Gierlinger, Notburga; Peterlik, Herwig; Paris, Oskar

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2006.06.029

Cited by 466 publications

(317 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…2 are normalized toward the peak observed at 2θ=20-26°; the vertical lines mark the position of the tabulated graphite peaks. The patterns of similar characteristics are rather typical for a disordered carbon phase [17], including the so-called short-range graphite or turbostratic structure of the sample [18,19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Effect of structural properties of carbon-based fuels on efficiency of direct carbon fuel cells

Dudek

Sitarz

Tomczyk

2014

J Solid State Electrochem

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This research is focused on the effect of supplying solid oxide fuel cells with different graphite and carbon black powders on the cells' efficiency. Before being tested in the fuel cell, the structures of carbon-based fuels were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis method (DTA/TG). Total electrical conductivity measurements were also carried out for carbon samples. The relation between the structure and morphology of solid particles and their performance in direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells (DC-SOFC) was presented and discussed. It was found that structurally disordered carbon-based materials are the most promising fuels for oxidation in DC-SOFCs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Effect of structural properties of carbon-based fuels on efficiency of direct carbon fuel cells

Dudek

Sitarz

Tomczyk

2014

J Solid State Electrochem

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“…Nevertheless, we will not discuss the absolute numbers, but concentrate on the qualitative trends. Zickler et al 31 performed a thorough comparison of L a determined by Raman spectroscopy and XRD, evaluated by the Scherrer equation and an analytical model.…”

Section: Results Of Peak Fittingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…distortion, strain. Zickler et al 31 reported about too large size values resulting from the simple application of the Scherrer formula compared to model calculations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of doping (Ti, V, Zr, W) and annealing on the sp2 carbon structure of amorphous carbon films

Adelhelm

Balden

Rinke

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physics

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The influence of the transition metal (Ti, V, Zr, W) doping on the carbon matrix nanostructuring during the thin film growth and subsequent annealing is investigated. Pure and metal-doped amorphous carbon films (a-C, a-C:Me) were deposited at room temperature by non-reactive magnetron sputtering. The carbon structure of as-deposited and post-annealed (up to 1300 K) samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy.The existence of graphene-like regions in a-C is concluded from a (10) diffraction peak. A comparison of the XRD and Raman results suggests that XRD probes only the small amount of 2-3 nm large graphene-like regions, whereas the majority of the sp 2 phase is present in smaller distorted aromatic clusters which are probed only by Raman spectroscopy. Annealing leads to an increase of the graphene size and the aromatic cluster size. During the carbon film growth the addition of metals enhances ordering of sp 2 carbon in sixfold aromatic clusters compared to a-C, Ti and Zr showing the strongest effect, W the lowest. This order qualitatively corresponds with the catalytic activity of the respective carbides found during graphitization of carbide-doped graphites published in the literature. With annealing, carbide crystallite formation and growth occurs in a-C:Me films, which destroys the initial carbon structure, reduces the size of the initially formed aromatic clusters and the differences in carbon structure introduced by different dopants. For high annealing temperatures the carbon structure of a-C:Me films is similar to that of a-C, and is determined only by the annealing temperature.2

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“…The first-order spectrum of the soot generally exhibited two broad and strongly overlapping peaks with maxima at ~1341-1353 cm -1 and ~1594cm -1 -1603cm -1 . Both of these investigated samples represent the short-range graphite or turbostratic structure of the sample [17,18].…”

Section: Analyses Of Solid Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon as a fuel for efficient electricity generation in carbon solid oxide fuel cells

Skrzypkiewicz

Dudek

2016

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. In this paper, the impact of the physicochemical properties of carbonaceous solid fuels on the performance of a direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell (DC-SOFC) was investigated. High-purity synthetic carbon powders such as carbon black N-220 and Carbo Medicinalis FP5 were chosen for analytical and electrochemical investigations in a DC-SOFC. The research focussed on choosing an optimised, cost-effective, high-purity carbon powder which could be applied as a solid reference fuel for all tests performed on a single DC-SOFC cell as well as on DC-SOFC stack constructions. Most of the electrochemical investigations described in this paper were performed using square DCSOFCs with dimensions of 5 × 5 cm. The relationship between structure, physicochemical properties, and electrochemical reactivity in a DC-SOFC was analysed.

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A reconsideration of the relationship between the crystallite size La of carbons determined by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 466 publications

References 55 publications

Effect of structural properties of carbon-based fuels on efficiency of direct carbon fuel cells

Effect of structural properties of carbon-based fuels on efficiency of direct carbon fuel cells

Influence of doping (Ti, V, Zr, W) and annealing on the sp2 carbon structure of amorphous carbon films

Carbon as a fuel for efficient electricity generation in carbon solid oxide fuel cells

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