A realistic transfer method reveals low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via contaminated euro coins and banknotes

Todt, Daniel; Meister, Toni Luise; Tamele, Barbora; Howes, John; Paulmann, Dajana; Becker, Benedikt; Brill, Florian H. H.; Wind, Mark; Schijven, Jack; Heinen, Natalie; Kinast, Volker; Mhlekude, Baxolele; Goffinet, Christine; Krawczyk, Adalbert; Steinmann, Jörg; Pfaender, Stephanie; Brüggemann, Yannick; Steinmann, Eike

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102908

Cited by 22 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…This hypothesis would be consistent with the results observed herein where the inoculum on bank notes displayed a huge initial (time 30 minute) decline in titer, which may be due to an initial drying on or binding to the cotton paper. This drastic initial decrease in live viral titer was also reported in a study by Todt et al on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on pure cotton Euro banknotes, with very low levels of infectious virus detected after 120 and 168 hours [ 47 ]. Riddell et al also report a severe drastic decrease in SARS-CoV-2 on cotton, but a far greater stability on Australian paper or polymer banknotes, with no observed initial decrease but a slow steady decay resulting in viable low concentrations of virus after 21 days [ 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Euro banknotes, with very low levels of infectious virus detected after 120 and 168 hours [47]. Riddell et al also report a severe drastic decrease in SARS-CoV-2 on cotton, but a far greater stability on Australian paper or polymer banknotes, with no observed initial decrease but a slow steady decay resulting in viable low concentrations of virus after 21 days [46].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental currency and money cards in Utah reveals a lack of live virus

et al. 2022

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The highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2 has led to several studies on the transmission of the virus. A little studied potential fomite of great concern in the community is currency, which has been shown to harbor microbial pathogens in several studies. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many businesses in the United States have limited the use of banknotes in favor of credit cards. However, SARS-CoV-2 has shown greater stability on plastic in several studies. Herein, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 at room temperature on banknotes, money cards and coins was investigated. In vitro studies with live virus suggested SARS-CoV-2 was highly unstable on banknotes, showing an initial rapid reduction in viable virus and no viral detection by 24 hours. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 displayed increased stability on money cards with live virus detected after 48 hours. Environmental swabbing of currency and money cards on and near the campus of Brigham Young University supported these results, with no detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on banknotes, and a low level on money cards. However, no viable virus was detected on either. These preliminary results suggest that the use of money cards over banknotes in order to slow the spread of this virus may be ill-advised. These findings should be investigated further through larger environmental studies involving more locations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental currency and money cards in Utah reveals a lack of live virus

et al. 2022

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“…Additionally, the clinical respiratory tract infections show similarities [30]. Because of all these resemblances, BCoV has already been suggested and successfully employed as a SARS-CoV(-2) surrogate in many different applications [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

2021

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It has been proven that visible light with a wavelength of about 405 nm exhibits an antimicrobial effect on bacteria and fungi if the irradiation doses are high enough. Hence, the question arises as to whether this violet light would also be suitable to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses. Therefore, a high-intensity light source was developed and applied to irradiate bovine coronaviruses (BCoV), which are employed as SARS-CoV-2 surrogates for safety reasons. Irradiation is performed in virus solutions diluted with phosphate buffered saline and on steel surfaces. Significant virus reduction by several log levels was observed both in the liquid and on the surface within half an hour with average log reduction doses of 57.5 and 96 J/cm2, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that 405 nm irradiation has an antiviral effect on coronaviruses, but special attention should be paid to the presence of photosensitizers in the virus environment in future experiments. Technically, visible violet radiation is therefore suitable for coronavirus reduction, but the required radiation doses are difficult to achieve rapidly.

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“…However, we should not overlook alternative transmission routes; otherwise, they may have serious ramifications, particularly in indoor settings [76]. Multiple transmission routes are possible for the SARS-CoV-2 infections, including fomites (objects or materials likely to transmit diseases, such as utensils, clothes, and furniture); however, it depends on temperature, humidity, viral load, and some other factors [77]. Therefore, the relative risk of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission via fomite transmission is negligible owing to low viral load or inactivation of viral particles by environmental factors, temperature, and humidity [78][79][80].…”

Section: Fomite-mediated Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation Strategies

Kim

Shinde

Lone

et al. 2021

JPM

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A newly emerged respiratory viral disease called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is also known as pandemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This pandemic has resulted an unprecedented global health crisis and devastating impact on several sectors of human lives and economies. Fortunately, the average case fatality ratio for SARS-CoV-2 is below 2%, much lower than that estimated for MERS (34%) and SARS (11%). However, COVID-19 has a much higher transmissibility rate, as evident from the constant increase in the count of infections worldwide. This article explores the reasons behind how COVID-19 was able to cause a global pandemic crisis. The current outbreak scenario and causes of rapid global spread are examined using recent developments in the literature, epidemiological features relevant to public health awareness, and critical perspective of risk assessment and mitigation strategies. Effective pandemic risk mitigation measures have been established and amended against COVID-19 diseases, but there is still much scope for upgrading execution and coordination among authorities in terms of organizational leadership’s commitment and diverse range of safety measures, including administrative control measures, engineering control measures, and personal protective equipment (PPE). The significance of containment interventions against the COVID-19 pandemic is now well established; however, there is a need for its effective execution across the globe, and for the improvement of the performance of risk mitigation practices and suppression of future pandemic crises.

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A realistic transfer method reveals low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via contaminated euro coins and banknotes

Cited by 22 publications

References 38 publications

Presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental currency and money cards in Utah reveals a lack of live virus

Presence and stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental currency and money cards in Utah reveals a lack of live virus

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation Strategies

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