Abstract:Real‐time 3D ultrasound has gained popularity in many fields because it can provide interactive feedback to help acquire high‐quality images or to conduct timely diagnosis. However, no comprehensive study has been reported on such an imaging method for scoliosis evaluation due to the complexity of this application. Meanwhile, the use of radiation‐free assessment of scoliosis is becoming increasingly popular. This study developed a real‐time 3D ultrasound imaging method for scoliosis assessment based on an incr… Show more
“…The drawbacks mentioned above have triggered the development of several radiation-free, three-dimensional methods, such as CT [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], ultrasound [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and surface topography technique [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Surface topography is more widely used among these methods since it is low-cost and user-friendly.…”
Background. Surface topography (ST) is one of the methods in scoliosis assessment. This study aimed to systematically review the reliability and validity of the ST measurements for assessing scoliosis. Methods. A literature search of four databases was performed and is reported following PRISMA guidelines. The methodological quality was evaluated using Brink and Louw appraisal tool and data extraction was performed. The results were analyzed and synthesized qualitatively using the level of evidence method. Results. Eighteen studies were included and analyzed. Four were evaluated for reliability, six for validity, and eight for reliability and validity. The methodological quality of fourteen studies was high. Good to excellent intra-investigator reliability was shown on asymmetry, sagittal, horizontal, and most frontal ST measurements (evidence level: strong). Asymmetry and most frontal, sagittal, horizontal ST measurements showed good to excellent inter-investigator reliability (evidence level: moderate). When comparing corresponding ST and radiological measurements, good to strong validity was shown on most frontal, sagittal, and asymmetry measurements (evidence level: strong). Formetric measurements had good intra-investigator reliability and validity (evidence level: strong). Conclusions. Most asymmetry, sagittal, and frontal ST measurements showed satisfactory reliability and validity. Horizontal ST measurements showed good reliability and poor validity. The ST technique may have great potential in assessing scoliosis, especially in reducing radiation exposure and performing cosmetic assessments.
“…The drawbacks mentioned above have triggered the development of several radiation-free, three-dimensional methods, such as CT [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], ultrasound [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], and surface topography technique [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Surface topography is more widely used among these methods since it is low-cost and user-friendly.…”
Background. Surface topography (ST) is one of the methods in scoliosis assessment. This study aimed to systematically review the reliability and validity of the ST measurements for assessing scoliosis. Methods. A literature search of four databases was performed and is reported following PRISMA guidelines. The methodological quality was evaluated using Brink and Louw appraisal tool and data extraction was performed. The results were analyzed and synthesized qualitatively using the level of evidence method. Results. Eighteen studies were included and analyzed. Four were evaluated for reliability, six for validity, and eight for reliability and validity. The methodological quality of fourteen studies was high. Good to excellent intra-investigator reliability was shown on asymmetry, sagittal, horizontal, and most frontal ST measurements (evidence level: strong). Asymmetry and most frontal, sagittal, horizontal ST measurements showed good to excellent inter-investigator reliability (evidence level: moderate). When comparing corresponding ST and radiological measurements, good to strong validity was shown on most frontal, sagittal, and asymmetry measurements (evidence level: strong). Formetric measurements had good intra-investigator reliability and validity (evidence level: strong). Conclusions. Most asymmetry, sagittal, and frontal ST measurements showed satisfactory reliability and validity. Horizontal ST measurements showed good reliability and poor validity. The ST technique may have great potential in assessing scoliosis, especially in reducing radiation exposure and performing cosmetic assessments.
“…Due to the limitation of technology, the existing 3D ultrasound imaging system is difficult to meet the requirements of clinical application. Chen et al used a wireless real-time 3D US imaging system to image the human spine, but the imaging accuracy was low [29]. Jiang et al also achieved rapid reconstruction of a complete human spine [30].…”
As a safe and convenient imaging technology in clinical routine diagnosis, ultrasound imaging can provide real-time 2D images of internal tissues and organs. To realize real-time 3D image reconstruction, pixel nearest neighbor interpolation (PNN) reconstruction algorithm and Bezier interpolation algorithm are combined into a hybrid reconstruction algorithm. On this basis, a real-time interactive 3D ultrasound imaging system is developed. Through temporal calibration and spatial calibration, the six degrees of freedom poses of 2D ultrasound images can be accurately collected. The 3D volume reconstructed by the proposed 3D reconstruction algorithm is visualized by volume rendering. A multi-thread software system allows parallel operation of data acquisition, 3D reconstruction, volume visualization and other functions. 3D imaging experiments on a 3D printing femur model, a neck phantom and the neck of human volunteers were performed for systematic evaluation. When the reconstruction voxel size was set to be (0.5 3 mm 3 , 1.0 3 mm 3 , 1.5 3 mm 3 ), the reconstruction errors of the femur and trachea model were respectively (0.23 mm, 0.31 mm, 0.56 mm) and (0.62 mm, 0.88 mm, 1.41 mm). Clinical feasibility was demonstrated by application of the 3D ultrasound imaging on the neck of human volunteers.
“…However, electromagnetic interference and the presence of metallic objects may compromise tracking accuracy and cause distortion. 31 In comparison, an acoustic tracker involves mounting sound-emitting devices on the transducer and placing the microphone array over the patient. 32 The position and orientation can be calculated using knowledge of the speed of sound in the air.…”
Vascular diseases may occur in the upper extremities, and the lesions can span the entire length of the blood vessel. One of the most popular methods to identify vascular disorders is ultrasound Doppler imaging. However, traditional two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound Doppler imaging cannot capture the entire length of a long vessel in one image. Medical professionals often have to painstakingly reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) data using 2D ultrasound images to locate the lesions, especially for large blood vessels. 3D ultrasound Doppler imaging can display the morphological structure of blood vessels and the distribution of lesions more directly, providing a more comprehensive view compared to 2D imaging. In this work, we propose a wide-range 3D volumetric ultrasound Doppler imaging system with dual modality, in which a high-definition camera is adopted to automatically track the movement of the ultrasound transducer, simultaneously capturing a corresponding sequence of 2D ultrasound Doppler images. We conducted experiments on human arms using our proposed system and separately with X-ray computerized tomography (X-CT). The comparison results prove the potential value of our proposed system in the diagnosis of arm vascular diseases.
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