A reach-to-touch investigation on the nature of reading in the Stroop task

Tillman, Gabriel; Eidels, Ami; Finkbeiner, Matthias

doi:10.3758/s13414-016-1190-8

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…This point is particularly important to underscore when comparing delta plots for different congruency tasks given that the trial sequence effects observed in the Simon and flanker tasks differ substantially (Erb & Marcovitch, 2018. More generally, the results of the current study underscore the importance of evaluating how the effects observed in delta-plot analyses correspond to the effects observed in reaching behavior (see Tillman et al, 2016).…”

Section: Delta Plots and Trial Sequence Effectsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Linking the dynamics of cognitive control to individual differences in working memory capacity: Evidence from reaching behavior.

Erb¹,

Welhaf²,

Smeekens³

et al. 2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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We used a technique known as reach tracking to investigate how individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) relate to the functioning of two processes proposed to underlie cognitive control: a threshold adjustment process that temporarily inhibits motor output in response to signals of conflict and a controlled selection process that recruits top-down control to guide stimulus-response translation. Undergraduates (N = 135) performed two WMC tasks (updating counters and symmetry span) and a reach-tracking version of the Eriksen flanker task. Consistent with previous research using button-press flanker tasks, WMC significantly correlated with response time (RT) performance, with higher WMC scores corresponding to smaller congruency effects. Given that RTs reflect the combined functioning of multiple processes underlying cognitive control, we interpreted this effect to reflect a general link between WMC and both the threshold adjustment process and controlled selection process. We also found a significant association between WMC and participants' reach trajectories, with higher WMC scores corresponding to more direct reach movements on incongruent trials involving stimulus-response overlap with the preceding trial. We interpreted this effect to reflect a more specific link between WMC and the functioning of the controlled selection process. We discuss the observed links between WMC and cognitive control in relation to the unity and diversity of executive functions framework and in relation to the role of prefrontal and striatal dopamine in supporting adaptive cognitive control.

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Section: Delta Plots and Trial Sequence Effectsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Linking the dynamics of cognitive control to individual differences in working memory capacity: Evidence from reaching behavior.

Erb¹,

Welhaf²,

Smeekens³

et al. 2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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show abstract

“…In a broader sense, we believe that our study necessitates a field-wide discussion on what exactly makes an effect a "qualitative benchmark", and what standards should a pattern of data have to meet to become a benchmark that we base theories and models on. For instance, the Stroop effect (see Stroop, 1935;Tillman, Eidels, & Finkbeiner, 2016;Tillman, Howard, Garret, & Eidels, 2017) has been replicated at the group level for the last 80 years (MacLeod, 1991) and is also consistent across individuals (Haaf & Rouder, 2017, suggesting that it is a strong qualitative benchmark for developing theories. In the speeded decision making literature, a reliable effect is the positive skew of RT distributions, which is generally considered to be an ubiquitous trend (Evans, Hawkins, Boehm, Wagenmakers, & Brown, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

An Empirical Exploration of Fast and Slow Errors at Group and Subject Levels in Speeded Decision-making

Tillman¹,

Nj²

2020

Preprint

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Qualitative benchmarks in empirical data constrain the theories and models researchers generate about any given phenomena. In the field of decision-making, two key qualitative benchmarks are fast and slow errors. To account for these benchmarks researchers have added two complicated between-trial variability mechanisms to prominent decision making models, but the reliability of these benchmarks is yet to be determined. Our study aimed to provide an assessment of the reliability of fast and slow errors at both the group and individual subject level. We used archival and newly collected data and analysed these data under Bayesian frameworks. We found inconsistencies in the benchmarks between experiments and between subjects within the same experiment. Our work not only questions the reliability of fast and slow errors, but also the minimum requirements for a pattern of data to be classed as a qualitative benchmark that forms the basis for psychological theory.

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“…Recent evidence suggests participants may read on some proportion of the trials and not on others (Eidels et al, 2014;Tillman et al, 2016). When the observed RT on a single trial is sampled from a non-reading distribution, color naming will not be slowed down by the incongruent word.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ubiquitous Stroop effect implies they fail to exclusively focus on color and succumb to the overwhelming (perhaps automatic) attraction of reading. Previous evidence suggests that participants may not always process word meaning to the same extent (Eidels et al, 2014;Tillman et al, 2016).…”

Section: The Fixed-point Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Stroop Effect From a Mixture of Reading Processes: A Fixed-Point Analysis

Tillman¹

2017

Preprint

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For the last 80 years, the Stroop task has been used to test theories of attention and cognitive control and it has been applied in many clinical settings. Most theories posit that the overwhelming power of written words overcomes strict instructions to focus on print color and ignore the word. Recent evidence suggests that trials in the Stroop task could in fact be a mixture of reading trials and non-reading trials. Here we conduct a critical test of this mixture hypothesis, where a mixture of processes should satisfy the xed-point property (Falmagne, 1968).

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A reach-to-touch investigation on the nature of reading in the Stroop task

Cited by 4 publications

References 40 publications

Linking the dynamics of cognitive control to individual differences in working memory capacity: Evidence from reaching behavior.

Linking the dynamics of cognitive control to individual differences in working memory capacity: Evidence from reaching behavior.

An Empirical Exploration of Fast and Slow Errors at Group and Subject Levels in Speeded Decision-making

The Stroop Effect From a Mixture of Reading Processes: A Fixed-Point Analysis

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