A RAT CHAMBER AND ELECTRODE PROCEDURE FOR AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING<sup>1</sup>

Azrin, Nathan H.; Hopwood, John H.; Powell, Jack L.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-291

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…The electrode arrangement was identical to that described previously for an apparatus for avoidance conditioning (Azrin, Hopwood, and Powell, 1967). Briefly, the rat's tail was fastened to the tail rod with a double layer of adhesive tape which held the rat in position.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BITING ATTACK BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE SHOCK¹

Azrin¹,

Rubin²,

Hutchinson

1968

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Paired rats are known to behave aggressively when given painful electric shocks. The present study developed a procedure whereby individual rats given shocks might bite an inanimate target object. Unavoidable shock was delivered to the rat while it was restrained in a position close to, and facing a target object. Biting of the target was recorded automatically. Shock caused the rat to bite metal, wood, or rubber targets. Biting was most frequent immediately after shock and decreased as a direct function of time since the shock. Almost every shock produced biting and the behavior continued as long as the shocks were delivered. Biting ceased within and between sessions when shocks were discontinued. These results show how the painaggression relation can be studied objectively with rats.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BITING ATTACK BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE SHOCK¹

Azrin¹,

Rubin²,

Hutchinson

1968

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…The foot shock escape (FSE) task is another behavioral test that has been proposed as a model of learned hopelessness in mice. 47 Unlike the FST and TST, the foot shock escape task is run under conditions in which an animal can actually escape an environmental stressor. 48 Nevertheless, the foot shock escape task still shares many of the same criticisms levied toward the FST and TST.…”

Section: Seeking Construct Validity In Murine Models Of Mddmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the validity of experimental models for depression

Dzirasa

Covington

2012

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a central nervous system disorder characterized by the culmination of profound disturbances in mood and affective regulation. Animal models serve as a powerful tool for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this disorder; however, little standardization exists across the wide range of available modeling approaches most often employed. This review will illustrate some of the most challenging obstacles faced by investigators attempting to associate depressive-like behaviors in rodents with symptoms expressed in MDD. Furthermore, a novel series of depressive-like criteria based on correlating behavioral endophenotypes, novel in vivo neurophysiological measurements, and molecular/cellular analyses within multiple brain are proposed as a potential solution to overcoming this barrier. Ultimately, linking the neurophysiological and cellular/biochemical actions that contribute to the expression of a defined MDD-like syndrome will dramatically extend the translational value of the most valid animal models of MDD.

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“…The experiments were conducted in a clear Plexiglas restraining compartment similar to that described by Azrin, Hopwood, & Powell (1967). Inside dimensions of this box were: 5% in.…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus induced attenuation of rat vocalizations to tail shock: Shock intensity effects

Badia

Culbertson

1971

Psychon Sci

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Three studies are reported dealing with inhibition of distress vocalizations to shock by a preceding stimulus. Two factors were considered: shock intensity and postural adjustments. Shock intensity was varied in 2-V steps from 8 to 18 V in Study A, 12 to 22 V in Study B, and 18 to 28 V in Study C. Postural changes were controlled by using a restraining cage and applying shock to the tail. Stimulus·induced suppression was relatively constant at intermediate intensities but at the highest intensities it did not occur. Number and duration of vocalizations increased with intensity. Postural adjustment Was not a factor.It has been found that significantly fewer distress vocalizations occur to shock preceded by a stimulus than to shock occurring alone (Badia,Defran, & Lewis, 1968). This phenomenon of stimulus·induced suppression is extremely reliable across experiments and is demonstrated by nearly all Ss. Since inhibition or attenuation of vocalization occurs on the first trial and remains constant within and between experimental sessions, it has been speculated that nonassociative factors such as sensory interaction or specific intermodel connections 'are responsible.Other findings of stimulus·induced inhibition of vocalization to shock can be briefly summarized: (1) Fewer vocalizations occur when either a visual or auditory stimulus precedes shock but not when a stimulus in the same modality as shock is used; (2) attenuation of vocalizations occurs when the stimulus preceding shock is an energy increase (onset) but not an energy decrease (offset); (3) relatively long and short interstimulus intervals-.5, 1, 3, and 6 sec-result in attenuation, but simultaneity of stimulus and shock does not; * This research was supported in part by USPHS Grant MH·16307-o1... z Ul I .. ; . , (4) delayed and trace procedures result in similar attenuation; (5) vocalization growth curves to shock emerge at a similar rate for shock·alone and shock preceded by a stimulus.Since previous studies have used shock intensities only slightly greater than the vocalization threshold, the relationship between stimulus·induced inhibition and shock intensity is not known. In addition, postural adjustments related to contact on the grid bars were not controlled in earlier studies. It is possible that these adj ustments, rather than sensory phenomena per se, were responsible for stimulus·induced .inhibition of vocalizations.The present study investigated stimulus·induced inhibition of vocalization to different intensities of shock. In addition, the effects of postural responses on the reception of shock were eliminated by applying shock directly to the rat's tail. SUBJECTS Naive albino rats (Holtzman) between 90 and 120 days old were used. Ss were housed individually and maintained on ad lib food and water. Ten male Ss were used in Study A. In Study B five females were run, and four of these were continued in Study C.

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A RAT CHAMBER AND ELECTRODE PROCEDURE FOR AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING¹

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

BITING ATTACK BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE SHOCK¹

BITING ATTACK BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE SHOCK¹

Increasing the validity of experimental models for depression

Stimulus induced attenuation of rat vocalizations to tail shock: Shock intensity effects

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A RAT CHAMBER AND ELECTRODE PROCEDURE FOR AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING1

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

BITING ATTACK BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE SHOCK1

BITING ATTACK BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE SHOCK1

Increasing the validity of experimental models for depression

Stimulus induced attenuation of rat vocalizations to tail shock: Shock intensity effects

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

A RAT CHAMBER AND ELECTRODE PROCEDURE FOR AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING¹

BITING ATTACK BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE SHOCK¹

BITING ATTACK BY RATS IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE SHOCK¹