A rapid method to quantify sub-micrometer polystyrene particles in aqueous model systems by TOC analysis

Abstract

For several laboratory experiments with microplastics, a simple and fast quantification method is advantageous. At the same time, the requirements are often lower compared to microplastic detection from environmental samples. We determined the concentration of non-purgable organic carbon of polystyrene (PS) particles (diameter 0.5, 1, 2, 6 μm) in suspension with known concentrations. Commercially available PS particles were used to test the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzer method for quantifying microplastics in the lower micrometer range under absence of other organic compounds. Addition of iron or aluminum hydroxide to the samples prior to the measurement increased the recovery from 52.9 to 89.7% relative to measurements in the absence of metal hydroxides. With increasing particle size, the recovery in the presence of iron hydroxides decreased from 95.1% at 0.5 μm to 67.1% at 6 μm PS particles and in the presence of aluminum hydroxides from 92.6% at 0.5 μm to 88.9% at 6 μm PS particles. We conclude that metal hydroxides have a catalytic effect on the thermocatalytic oxidation of PS particles and allow a complete conversion to CO2 for a successful quantification of PS particles using a TOC analyzer. Especially for particles larger than 0.5 μm, in the absence of metal hydroxides, the TOC device is not able to fully oxidize the PS particle to CO2 and subsequently detect its concentration. Thus, TOC analysis of PS particles in the presence of metal hydroxides provides a cheap and simple alternative for quantifying microplastic particles in the lower micrometer range for laboratory experiments (e.g. sedimentation studies) where no other organic substances are present.