A rapid method for separation and identification of microcystins using capillary electrophoresis and time-of-flight mass spectrometry

A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins

“…This technique is considered for the separation and quantification of MC variants mostly in relation to their differences in molecular size and charge. The analysis of this technique is short, with high separation efficiency, uses small sample volume, low solvent cost and is also associated with little hazardous waste [ 44 , 106 , 128 ]. HPCE has successfully been applied to analyze MCs in crude algae samples since its development ( Table 1 ; Table 3 ).…”

“…CE method incorporating sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-organic modifier solvents, capillary electro-chromatography (CEC) in reversed-phase capillary formed by inorganic or organic polymer monoliths, home-made monolithic columns in high pressurized CEC-UV (pCEC-UV), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) coupled with UV, and CZE coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) (CZE-ESI-MS) [ 45 , 55 , 58 , 60 , 127 ] are some of the techniques developed for MCs determination, separation and quantification. In recent investigations, the developed CE TOF-MS (LOD between 0.92 and 2.3 µg/L) and dynamic pH junction in CE-ESI-MS based on electrophoretic mobility difference of analytes in sample matrix and the background electrolyte (LOD between 0.2 and 1 µg/L) successfully demonstrated separation and identification of different MC variants commonly found in aquatic environments [ 106 , 128 ].…”

“…Interestingly, the migration time, elution order, baseline separation and selectivity of MCs using the CE system by modifying the composition of the buffer with organic solvents can be influenced [ 45 , 52 , 106 , 127 ]. Further, CE has the ability to separate isomers differing only in the position of a single methyl group on MC structure [ 44 , 128 ]. It is worthwhile noting that the sensitivity of CE has been elevated by improving sample pretreatment protocols and electrophoretic conditions.…”

“…Utilizing immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) for sample pretreatment and on-line pre-concentration approaches such as field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) for the concentration of sample that allows MCs to be detected at trace level, the sensitivity of CE has improved. The selectivity has also been increased via MEKC mode in the CE analysis [ 51 , 52 , 128 ].…”

A Mass Spectrometric Study of Kratom Compounds by Direct Infusion Electrospray Ionization Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

“…In recent years, the hyphenated technique of chromatography and electrophoresis coupling with mass spectrometry has been widely used for different applications, for instance, kinetic study of cylindrospermopsin under TiO 2 photocatalytic reaction [13], treatment of 6-hydroxymethyl uracil [14], Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystincyanotoxin [15], chiral separation of cathinone analogs [16] [17], microcystins separation and detection [18], and fluorescent substrate for monitoring acid phosphatase activity [19] [20].…”