A Rapid Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Ethylene Glycol in Serum and Urine

Aarstad, Kjell; Dale, Ola; Aakervik, Odd; Øvrebø, Steinar; Zahlsen, Kolbjørn

doi:10.1093/jat/17.4.218

Cited by 38 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…When the analysis is performed with a commonly used capillary column, it appears to be free from known interferences (Porter et al 1994). Other methods such as those based on direct injection may be subject to carryover (Aarstad et al 1993) or significant interferences from physiological substances, for example, propionic acid (present in methylmalonic acidema; Shoemaker et al 1992) and 2,3-butanediol (present in serum from alcoholic patients; Jones et al 1991).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene glycol: an estimate of tolerable levels of exposure based on a review of animal and human data

2004

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Upon ingestion ethylene glycol (EG, monoethylene glycol) is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and depending on the severity of exposure signs of toxicity may progress through three stages. Neurological effects characterize the first step consisting of central nervous depression (intoxication, lethargy, seizures, and coma). The second stage, usually 12-24 h after ingestion, is characterized by metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of acidic metabolites of EG, primarily glycolic acid (GA), contributing to the ensuing osmolal and anion gaps. Stage 3, generally 24-72 h after ingestion, is determined mainly by oxalic acid excretion, nephropathy, and eventual renal failure. Because the toxicity of EG is mediated principally through its metabolites, adequate analytical methods are essential to provide the information necessary for diagnosis and therapeutic management. The severe metabolic acidosis and multiple organ failure caused by ingestion of high doses of EG is a medical emergency that usually requires immediate measures to support respiration, correct the electrolyte imbalance, and initiate hemodialysis. Since metabolic acidosis is not specific to EG, whenever EG intoxication is suspected, every effort should be made to determine EG as well as its major metabolite GA in plasma to confirm the diagnosis and to institute special treatment without delay. A number of specific and sensitive analytical methods (GC, GC-MS, or HPLC) are available for this purpose. Due to the rapid metabolism of EG, the plasma concentration of GA may be higher than that of EG already upon admission. As toxicity is largely a consequence of metabolism of EG to GA and oxalic acid, the simultaneous quantification of EG and GA is important. Formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate in the urine may be a useful indicator of developing oxalate nephrosis although urine crystals can result without renal injury. The pathways involved in the metabolism of EG are qualitatively similar in humans and laboratory animals, although quantitative differences have been reported. Comparison between species is difficult, however, because the information on humans is derived mainly from acute poisoning cases whereas the effects of repeated exposures have been investigated in animal experiments. Based on published data the minimum human lethal dose of EG has been estimated at approx. 100 ml for a 70-kg adult or 1.6 g/kg body weight (calculation of dose in ml/kg to mg/kg based in EG density=1.11 g/l). However, human data from case reports are generally insufficient for the determination of a clear dose-response relationship and quantification of threshold doses for systemic toxicity, in particular renal effects, is limited. As toxicity is largely a consequence of metabolism of EG to GA, it is important to note that no signs of renal injury have developed at initial plasma glycolate concentrations of up to 10.1 mM (76.7 mg/dl). Plasma EG levels of 3.2 mM (20 mg/dl) are considered the threshold of toxicity for systemic exposure, if thera...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene glycol: an estimate of tolerable levels of exposure based on a review of animal and human data

2004

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“…3,4,6 Gas chromatography (GC) is considered the gold standard method for quantitative measurement of EG levels in serum or plasma. 14,15 However, the availability of GC is limited and results may not be obtainable within a clinically useful timeframe.…”

Section: Abbreviationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of two point‐of‐care ethylene glycol tests for dogs

Creighton

Koenigshof

Weder

et al. 2014

J Vet Emergen Crit Care

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“…There are some analytical methods to determine EG with gas and liquid chromatography. In gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector, EG could be analyzed by direct injection [4], but the risk is the misinterpretation of interfering peaks. In liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, direct analysis has the problem because of the small molecular mass, which leads to the low signal and high detection limit [5], indirect analysis with benzoyl chloride has advanced [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of ethylene glycol in animal feed using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Thi¹,

Ha²,

Bui³

et al. 2021

VJFC

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A determination method of ethylene glycol in animal feed by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed. The analysis was performed with a C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm), and a gradient mobile phase of 0.1 % formic acid solution and acetonitrile. Ethylene glycol and surrogate standard (propylene glycol) were extracted by water at room temperature, derivatized with benzoyl chloride in alkaline medium, and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The method has high specificity and selectivity with a detection limit of 0.1 mg/kg, linearity range of 1 - 20 µg/mL, repeatability of 3.08 - 4.41 %, and recovery of  91.1 - 102.0 %, which meet AOAC requirements. This method has been applied to analyze some marketed animal feed samples.

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A Rapid Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Ethylene Glycol in Serum and Urine

Cited by 38 publications

References 16 publications

Ethylene glycol: an estimate of tolerable levels of exposure based on a review of animal and human data

Ethylene glycol: an estimate of tolerable levels of exposure based on a review of animal and human data

Evaluation of two point‐of‐care ethylene glycol tests for dogs

Analysis of ethylene glycol in animal feed using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

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