A rapid flow cytometric method for distinguishing between febrile bacterial and viral infections

Utility of immune response-derived biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory disorders

“…11 Also, the role of WBC in the prediction of a bacterial or viral origin is limited. 12,13 Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) performs better, but is still moderate. 12,13 Circulating immature granulocytes ('left shift') either as band count or _ENREF_8metamyelocyte, myelocyte and promyelocyte count (immature granulocytes count) as single diagnostic marker for an infection in the ICU is not (yet) supported by the few studies on this topic.…”

“…12,13 Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) performs better, but is still moderate. 12,13 Circulating immature granulocytes ('left shift') either as band count or _ENREF_8metamyelocyte, myelocyte and promyelocyte count (immature granulocytes count) as single diagnostic marker for an infection in the ICU is not (yet) supported by the few studies on this topic. 9,10,14 Contradictory results have been obtained for eosinopenia (with cutoffs of 25e50 cells/mm 3 …”

“…12,25 In one study including patients < 48 h after hospitalization for suspected infection the addition of monocyte FcgRII and C5a-receptor expression, and the ratio of neutrophilic and monocytic MHC class I expression to nCD35 increased the AUROC from 0.90 to 0.93 and had an optimal sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 92% (Table 2). 12 Soluble diagnostic biomarkers C-reactive protein and procalcitonin CRP, an acute phase protein belonging to the pentraxin family, is synthesized by the liver and its production is mainly driven by interleukin (IL)-6. It binds to phosphocholine, which is present in many prokaryotes, but also in damaged, necrotic and apoptotic eukaryotic cells.…”

“…86. 94 The potential usefulness of gene expression profiling beyond separating sepsis from non-infectious 12 J. ten Oever et al 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Utility of immune …”

Counterinsurgency Doctrine Applied to Infectious Disease

“…In the clinical laboratory, counterinsurgency intelligence gathering would require new technology, a new electronic health record, and a new mindset. Various technologies for community characterization are already available -particularly high-throughput sequencing (Xu et al 2012), but also multiplexed PCR Hartley 2003, Lindsay et al 2013), hybridization arrays (Gardner et al 2010), microfluidic culture (Ho et al 2012), flow cytometry (Jolkkonen et al 2010, Nuutila et al 2012, and novel approaches to microscopy (Foreman et al 2010, Harris et al 2013. Each has limitations and none of them provide quite what would be desired to understand the function of a microbial community de novo.…”