A rapid CZE method for the analysis of benzodiazepines in spiked beverages

Webb, Rebecca; Doble, Philip; Dawson, Michael J.

doi:10.1002/elps.200700110

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The drawbacks to these methods are that the times for the analysis are longer than 6 minutes per sample and a liquidliquid extraction prior to analysis is also needed. [14][15][16] Tu et al 8 reported an electrochemical impedimetric immunosensor for determining Ketamine in buffered samples. This method offers very low detection limits.…”

Section: Ketamine (K) [2-(-o-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalytical Sensing of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Lledo-Fernandéz

Pollard

Kruanetr

2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electro-analytical sensing of Ketamine is reported for the first time utilizing [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ as a Electrochemiluminescent reagent probe. The niche of this electro-analytical method is the lack of any sample pre-treatment as well as being cost and time effective. The methodology is shown to be useful for quantifying low levels, ng/mL, Ketamine in not only buffered solutions but also in an alcoholic beverage. We have successfully demonstrated the detection of Ketamine over a range of Ketamine concentrations 2000 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL in buffer solution. A linear response is observed (ECL emission/mV = 0.0098x+6.120, R 2 = 0.9915 and N = 5) with a detection limit of 33 ng/mL (based on 3-sigma). The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Ketamine in an alcoholic beverage sample -Gordon's Gin & Tonic. , is a synthetic, sedative, non-barbiturate, and fast acting anesthetic, which is able to block the receptor of N-methyl-d-asparate (NMDA) and is believed to affect opioid, adrenergic, cholinergic and serotonin receptors.1,2 Ketamine is a drug used in human and veterinary medicine, primarily for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, usually in combination with a sedative 3-5 (which is depicted in Figure 1).The increase in illicit use prompted ketamine's placement in Schedule III of the United States Controlled Substance Act in August 1999. 5,6 It became labeled a Class C drug on 1 January 2006 in the United Kingdom. 6 The recreational use of Ketamine has increased popularity worldwide over the last 10 years. 3,5 In fact, ketamine has surpassed other club drugs and even replaced heroin as the predominant drug of abuse in Hong Kong since the early 2000 7 with user experiencing hallucinations and a cataleptic state called the "K-hole." 5,6 Ketamine is generally analyzed by using immunoassays, 8 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) 2,9,10 or Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) 11-13 methodologies in biological matrixes. The drawbacks to these methods are that the times for the analysis are longer than 6 minutes per sample and a liquidliquid extraction prior to analysis is also needed.14-16 Tu et al. 8 reported an electrochemical impedimetric immunosensor for determining Ketamine in buffered samples. This method offers very low detection limits.Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is an advantageous analytical tool, which is cost effective, portable and fast. [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ is one the most important ECL reagents and the most widely used complexes for analytical investigations and applications owing to their excellent intrinsic characteristics. [17][18][19][20] It has been widely employed in biological matrixes, 21 pharmaceutical 22 and some drugs containing tertiary amine functional group 21,23-25 due to its continuance, sensitivity, reproducibility and selectivity toward many target analytes. 21,24,26,27 Generally, the amino group present in amine produces a secondary amine following by a dealkylation process in the presence of water. The radical cation of the ami...

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Section: Ketamine (K) [2-(-o-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalytical Sensing of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Lledo-Fernandéz

Pollard

Kruanetr

2013

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Gas chromatography (GC) has been widely used as well, in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) or with other detectors such as nitrogen-phosphorous (NPD) and micro-electron capture (ECD) [1 and references therein-2] Hyphenated GC techniques are very sensitive and specific, yet some BDZ are thermolabile and require derivatization prior to analysis [3,4]. Other approaches include micellar electrokinetic chromatography using a cyanine dye for indirect laser-induced fluorescence detection and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) [5]. Nonetheless, liquid chromatography (LC) is a commonly used technique, particularly when coupled with MS or ultraviolet (UV) detection [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS)-UHPLC-UV: A simple and efficient method for the determination of five benzodiazepines in an alcoholic beverage

Magrini

Cappiello

Famiglini

et al. 2016

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

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“…While HPLC remains the most common technique for the analysis of benzodiazepines, 7,9,14,15 mainly in reversed phase (RP) mode, several capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) methods have recently been developed. 2,16,17 CZE represents an interesting alternative to HPLC for determination of pharmaceuticals, in general, 18,19 mainly because of its higher efficiency in comparison with HPLC. 20 The aim of this work was to develop and optimize separation conditions for a set of seven 1,4-BZDs in RP-HPLC and CZE with UV detection and compare these methods in terms of efficiency, analysis time, resolution, elution order and basic validation parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and Quantification of 1,4-benzodiazepines: HPLC versus CZE

Kalíková¹,

Riesová²,

Chudoba³

et al. 2011

Croat. Chem. Acta

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Abstract. The goal of the present study was to separate a set of benzodiazepines, namely bromazepam, oxazepam, nitrazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flunitrazepam, lormetazepam and diazepam by analytical scale HPLC and CZE. The both methods for separation of these seven compounds from the 1,4-benzodiazepine group were optimized and compared. LODs and LOQs were determined under the optimized conditions in the both methods. The corresponding LOD and LOQ values are approximately three orders of magnitude lower in HPLC than in CZE. As expected, elution order was found to be different for the both techniques. As a result of a critical collation of all the parameters considered, RP-HPLC was found to be more suitable for determination of the set of benzodiazepines. A real sample analysis was performed under optimized conditions to demonstrate applicability of the proposed analytical methods.

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A rapid CZE method for the analysis of benzodiazepines in spiked beverages

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Electroanalytical Sensing of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Electroanalytical Sensing of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS)-UHPLC-UV: A simple and efficient method for the determination of five benzodiazepines in an alcoholic beverage

Separation and Quantification of 1,4-benzodiazepines: HPLC versus CZE

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