A rapid and simple procedure for the determination of cannabinoids in hemp food products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Pellegrini, Manuela; Marchei, Emilia; Pacifici, Roberta; Pichini, Simona

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.035

Cited by 66 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…D 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive component of the hemp plant; other major non-psychoactive constituents include cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN). On the basis of THC content, C. sativa plants are divided into fiber-type and drug-type (Pellegrini et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of terpenoids to exogenous gibberellic acid in Cannabis sativa L. at vegetative stage

2010

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In this study the influence of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) on plastidic and cytosolic terpenoids and on two key enzymes, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), for terpenoid biosynthesis was compared in vegetative cannabis plants. Treatment with GA 3 resulted in a decrease of DXS activity in comparison with the control plants. The amount of chlorophylls a, b and total carotenoids declined when plants treated by GA 3 in a concentration dependent manner. The a-tocopherol content of cannabis plants decreased in 50 lM GA 3 treatment and increased in 100 lM GA 3 treatment. Exogenous GA 3 caused an increase in HMGR activity. Concomitant with this result, the amount of squalene and phytosterols increased with GA 3 treatment. The amount of THC and CBD did not change at 50 lM GA 3 treatment, but applying of 100 lM GA 3 increased THC and CBD content in leaf plant in comparison with control plants. GA 3 treatment declined number and percentage of monoterpenes in treated plants. Also the number of sesquiterpenes decreased in response to GA 3 treatment but among the remainder of them, the amount of some sesquiterpenes decreased and some sesquiterpenes increased with GA 3 treatment. Our results showed that GA 3 treatment had opposite effect on primary terpenoid biosynthesis by the plastidic 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways. But secondary terpenoids showed different response to GA 3 treatment probably due to interference of two biosynthetic pathways in their formation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The response of terpenoids to exogenous gibberellic acid in Cannabis sativa L. at vegetative stage

2010

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“…reported 2 cannabis products from the Netherlands with a THC content of 1400 and 3100 µg/g and a CBD content of 20 and 10 µg/g, respectively. Pellegrini et al . reported 6 hemp food products from Italy including beer, pastilles, liqueur, seeds, scented grass, and oil with a THC content ranging from 0.01 to 0.35 µg/g, a CBD content ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 µg/g, and a CBN content ranging from 0.01 to 0.16 µg/g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of cannabinoids in hemp nut products in Taiwan by HPLC‐MS/MS coupled with chemometric analysis: quality evaluation and a pilot human study

Chang

Tung

Tsai

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Hemp nuts are mature cannabis seeds obtained after shelling and that are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating functional constipation. In this work, we screened hemp nut products, classified them, and verified the legality of consuming them. A total of 18 products were purchased from Taiwan, China, and Canada. Validated high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry methods were developed for analyzing the cannabinoid (i.e., Δ -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol) content of the products and the concentration of urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC. Chemometric techniques, namely hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied for rapidly classifying 11 concentrated powder products in Taiwan. A pilot human study comprising single and multiple administrations of a product with 1.5 µg/g of THC was conducted to examine the urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC concentration. Through optimization of 3 full factorial design, using 60% isopropanol as the extraction solvent exhibited the highest yield of cannabinoids and was applied as the optimal condition in further analysis. The results of HCA and PCA on quality evaluation were in good agreement; however, the tested products possessed distinct CBD-to-THC ratios which ranged widely from 0.1:1 to 46.8:1. Particularly, the products with CBD-to-THC ratios higher than 1:1 were the majority in Taiwan. Our data suggested that all the tested hemp nut products met the Taiwan restriction criterion of 10 µg/g of THC. We propose a usual consumption amount of hemp nut products in Taiwan would unlikely to violate the cut-off point of 15 ng/mL of urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…For extraction of cannabinoids from materials, four different systems previously used [1,5,9] were tested. They were hexane, hexane/isopropanol (9 : 1), methanol/ chloroform (9 : 1), and methanol.…”

Section: Optimization Of Conditions and Validation Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cannabis species, the source of marijuana and other preparations, is cultivated in various countries, mainly 1 3 (MS) are the main techniques used for determination of cannabinoids contents in cannabis products [1,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In the present work, a rapid and simple procedure was optimized for determination of the three main cannabinoids (Δ 9 -THC, CBD, and CBN) in cannabis preparations using GC with fl ame-ionization detection (FID).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in São Paulo, Brazil, 2006–2007

et al. 2008

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in the tropical regions of South America such as Peru and Brazil. It is one of the oldest cultivated nonfood plants. More than 400 compounds have been isolated from different parts of cannabis plants and approximately 60 of them are cannabinoids or terpenic substances similar to Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) [1]. The only cannabinoids recognized by their psychoactive properties are Δ 9 -THC, Δ 8 -THC, and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ 9 -THCV). Nevertheless, except for Δ 9 -THC, other active constituents are not present in signifi cant concentrations in the plants and probably do not contribute to the effects of Cannabis [2]. Nonactive cannabinoids tend to be present in signifi cant amounts, including cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD); the concentrations of every cannabinoid can vary depending on genetic factors, environmental conditions of the cultivation, the time of harvest, and other factors such as drying and storage conditions [3,4].On the basis of cannabinoid contents, cannabis plants are divided into "fi ber type" and "drug type." Applying a general formula for the percentage of the three main cannabinoids, it is possible to obtain the "phenotypic ratio," which can be used for the classifi cation of the plant [5]:Phenotypic ratio -THC %CBN %CBD = + %Δ 9 A phenotypic ratio greater than 1 indicates drug type. For forensic applications, there is a general consensus that a cannabis plant is defi ned as drug type when its leaves and infl orescences present a Δ 9 -THC content not lower than 0.5% [5].Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled or not coupled with mass spectrometry Abstract A rapid and simple method was optimized for determination of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN) contents in cannabis products by gas chromatography with fl ameionization detection (GC-FID), using diazepam as internal standard. All parameters of validation of the method such as linearity, intraassay precision, and limits of detection and quantifi cation of the analytes were satisfactory. Using the described method, cannabinoid contents of 55 cannabis product samples seized in São Paulo City, Brazil, in 2006 and 2007 were measured. Δ 9 -THC content in marijuana and hashish samples varied between 0.08% and 5.5%, with an average of 2.5%. The phenotypic ratio showed that the products were able to be designated as "drug type."

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A rapid and simple procedure for the determination of cannabinoids in hemp food products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Cited by 66 publications

References 10 publications

The response of terpenoids to exogenous gibberellic acid in Cannabis sativa L. at vegetative stage

The response of terpenoids to exogenous gibberellic acid in Cannabis sativa L. at vegetative stage

Determination of cannabinoids in hemp nut products in Taiwan by HPLC‐MS/MS coupled with chemometric analysis: quality evaluation and a pilot human study

Cannabinoid contents in cannabis products seized in São Paulo, Brazil, 2006–2007

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