“…Different electrophoresis modes provide the diversity of CE analyses by considering the physicochemical properties of the compounds of interest and can offer orthogonal information. CE is considered a strong separation technique that is applied in various research applications, such as quantitative or kinetic analysis of inorganic compounds, , proteins, , peptides, , amino acids, chiral drugs, , metabolites, organic acids, − carbohydrates, vitamins, body fluid samples, and viruses and bacteria. , In most developing countries, laboratories are often restricted by the high value of brand-name scientific equipment, which slows down scientific development, a concern that remains valid for CE. However, the concept of low cost cannot always be considered an ideal solution.…”